Суффиксы, образующие прилагательные.

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2.1. Суффиксы, указывающие на наличие соответствующих качеств и свойств. Такие прилагательные образуются от глаголов и существительных.

А. от глаголов:

-able, -ible
to move	двигать	movable	подвижный
to extend	вытягивать	extensible	растягиваемый
-ant, -ent
to depend	зависеть	dependent	зависимый
to resist	сопротивляться	resistant	сопротивляющийся
-ive
to explode	взрывать	explosive	взрывчатый

В. от существительных:

-al
centre	центр	central	центральный
-ful
use	польза	useful	полезный
-en
wood	древесина	wooden	деревянный
-ic
magnet	магнит	magnetic	магнитный
-ar
circle	круг	circular	круглый
-ous
advantage	преимущество, выгода	advantageous	выгодный, благоприятный, полезный
-y
dirt	грязь	dirty	грязный
-ly
day	день	daily	ежедневный

2.2. Суффикс, указывающий на отсутствие соответствующих качеств и свойств:

-less
wire	проволока	wireless	беспроволочный

2.3. Суффикс, указывающий на наличие признака в слабой степени или на принадлежность к национальности:

-ish
white	белый	whitish	беловатый
Pole	поляк	Polish	польский

3. Суффиксы, образующие глаголы от прилагательных и существительных:

-en
length	длина	to lengthen	удлинять(ся)
weak	слабый	to weaken	ослаблять
-fy
intense	сильный	to intensify	усиливать
simple	простой	to simplify	упрощать
-ize
crystal	кристалл	to crystallize	кристаллизировать
real	настоящий	to realize	осуществлять

4. Суффиксы, образующие наречия:

Наиболее распространенным суффиксом является суффикс -ly. Он обычно присоединяется к прилагательным и образует наречия образа действия.

-1у
practical	практический	practically	практически
easy	легкий	easily	легко
-ward(s)	указывает направление:
inward	внутрь
onward(s)	вперед
forward(s)	вперед
upward(s)	вверх
eastward(s)	на восток

Exercise 1.	Read the following sentences and underline the suffixes in the words in italics. Write out each word and try to decide what the suffix means. Refer back to the table if you need help.
1.	Potential threats include the destruction of computer hardware and software and the loss, modification, theft, unauthorized use, observation, or disclosure of computer data.
2.	Computers enable the creation of graphics that are so realistic that they appear to have depth, even though they are actually just two-dimensional images displayed on a flat monitor, television, or movie screen.
3.	A Trojan horse may appear to be something interesting and harmless, such as a game, but when it runs it may have harmful effects.
4.	Developments in the television and video worlds in 1992 weren't as dramatic as in audio.
5.	The heart of the system is a laser beam optical code reader, a device that automatically reads coded labels applied to each item of baggage.
6.	In addition to response to the whole range of optical frequencies, the new detector is sensible enough to distinguish 25 separate television programs that a single laser beam might be able to carry.
7.	The objective of the new broadband microwave station in space is to learn how to extend the useful life of communications satellites and to avoid or overcome the effects of radiation.
8.	Later in 1998 the company suffered further losses stemming from labor contract disputes with other segments of the company's staff, including flight attendants, machinists, cleaners, and other employees.
9.	Although some doctors practice nuclear medicine as a full-time specialty, many more physicians in such fields as radiology, pathology, and internal medicine use aspects of nuclear medicine in their work.
10.	Beginning in 1995, the shuttle flew a series of missions to the Russian space station Mir.

The number of the sentence	The word	The suffix	The meaning of the suffix
1.	destruction
1.	disclosure
2.	depth
3.	harmless
4.	developments
5.	reader
6.	sensible
7.	useful
8.	machinists
9.	physicians
10.	Russian

Exercise 2.

Fill in the gaps with the correct suffix from the following list.

-al	-ence	-ly	-ship
-ance	-hood	-ment	-th
-dom	-ity	-or	-ward

a.	The growth in numbers of educational television stations in the past year is not the only index of active 1 __.
b.	A single fiber the wid 2__ of a human hair can transmit thousands of telephone conversations simultaneously.
c.	The current flow is caused by the voltage, or potential differ 3__, between the terminals.
d.	A conductor allows an electric current to flow through it, but it does not permit the current to flow with perfect free 4__.
e.	Scientists describe this relation 5__ between resistance, length, and area by saying that resist 6 __ is proportional to length and inversely proportional to cross-sectional area.
f.	An electric current is a move 7__of charge.
g.	Substances that do not allow electric current to flow through them are called insulat 8__s, nonconductors, or dielectrics.
h.	The element 9__unit of electricity is the absolute charge on a single electron or proton.
i.	General circulation week 10 __ papers often contain news of interest to people in a smaller area than that of a daily paper, an area such as a small city, town, or neighbour 11__.
j.	As an outer-shell electron jumps in 12__ to fill the inner-shell vacancy, the atom emits an X ray, a high-energy photon invisible to the eye.

Префиксы

1. Префиксы с отрицательным значением:

un-	не
common	обыкновенный	uncommon	необыкновенный
in-	перед i префикс in- превращается в il-, перед r в ir-, перед m и р в im-.
capable	способный	incapable	неспособный
legal	легальный	illegal	нелегальный
rational	рациональный	irrational	нерациональный
material	вещественный	immaterial	невещественный
possible	возможный	impossible	невозможный
dis-	противоположное чувство
trust	доверие	distrust	недоверие
un-, dis- и de-	придают глаголам значение противоположного действия:
to fasten	свинчивать	to unfasten	развинчивать
to charge	заряжать	to discharge	разряжать
to compose	составлять	to decompose	разлагать на составные части
non-	не связанный с
inductive	индукционный	non-inductive	безындукционный
elastic	упругий	non-elastic	неупругий
mis-, mal-	плохо, неправильно, ошибочно
to calculate	вычислять	to miscalculate	ошибаться в расчетах
to function	действовать, выполнять функции	to malfunction	не срабатывать
anti-	анти-, против-
aircraft	самолет	antiaircraft	противовоздушный
under-	недостаточно, ниже, под
to estimate	оценивать	to underestimate	недооценивать

2. Префиксы с положительным значением:

re-	сделать снова, вновь
to construct	строить	to reconstruct	перестроить, реконструировать
over-	сверх, чрезмерно, слишком много
pressure	давление	overpressure	чрезмерное давление

3. Префиксы размера:

semi-	наполовину, частично
conductor	проводник	semiconductor	полупроводник
equi-	равный
distant	далекий, отдаленный	equidistant	равноотстоящий
mini-	маленький
bus	автобус	minibus	микроавтобус
maxi-	большой, указывает на большую величину
maximum	максимальное значение
micro-	необыкновенно маленького размера, в физической терминологии в миллион раз меньше, чем основная мера.
second	секунда	microsecond	микросекунда (миллионная часть секунды)
macro-	большой, необыкновенно большого размера
economics	экономика	macroeconomics	макроэкономика
mega-	большого размера, грандиозный, в физической терминологии мера, в миллион раз большая, чем основная мера.
watt	ватт	megawatt	мегаватт

4. Префиксы положения:

inter-	между, среди, взаимно
changeable	заменяемый	interchangeable	взаимозаменяемый
national	национальный	international	интернациональный, международный
super-	над-, сверх
sonic	звуковой	supersonic	сверхзвуковой
trans-	через
continental	континентальный	transcontinental	пересекающий континент, трансконтинентальный
ex-	указывает на изъятие, исключение и т.п. из-, вне-; бывший
include	включать, содержать в себе	exclude	исключать, не впускать
extra-	что-то дополнительное, сверх-
ordinary	обычный, обыкновенный	extraordinary	необычный, экстраординарный
sub-	ниже (качество, положением) под-
station	станция	substation	подстанция
infra-	ниже-, под-, инфра-
red	красный	infra-red	инфракрасный
peri-	вокруг
pericardium	околосердечная сумка

5. Префиксы времени и порядка:

ante-, pre-	до-, раньше-, перед-
war	война	pre-war	довоенный
date	дата, число	antedate	дата, поставленная задним числом
prime-	первый, главный
minister	министр	prime-minister	премьер-министр
post-	после
war	война	post-war	послевоенный
retro-	назад
action	действие, реакция	retroaction	обратная реакция, обратное действие

6. Префиксы числа:

semi-	полу-
circle	круг, окружность	semicircle	полукруг
mono-	одно-, моно-
basic	основной, основный	monobasic	одноосновный
bi-	двойной
monthly	ежемесячный	bi-monthly	два раза в месяц, или один раз в 2 месяца
tri-	трёх-, тре-, три-
focal	фокусный, фокусное расстояние, центральный	trifocal	трифокальный
quad(r)-	четырёх-
angle	угол	quadrangle	четырехугольный
penta-	пяти-
angular	угольный, угловой	pentangular	пятиугольник
hex(a)-	шести-
hexagonal	шестиугольник
sept(en)- septi-	семи-
septennial	семилетний, происходящий раз в семь лет
oct(a)-	восьми-
angular	угольный	octangular	восьмиугольный
dec(a)-	десяти-
metre	метр	decametre	декаметр, 10 метров
multi-	много
national	национальный	multinational	многонациональный

7. Другие префиксы:

pro-	до, заранее, вперед
motion	движение	promotion	продвижение, повышение (в звании)
auto-	само-, авто-
biography	биография	autobiography	автобиография (биография, написанная самим человеком о себе)
со-	общность действия
to exist	существовать	to coexist	сосуществовать

Exercise 3.	Read the following sentences and underline the prefixes in the words in italics. Write out each word and try to decide what the prefix means. Refer back to the table if you need help.
1.	Manager of the company fired him for incompetence.
2.	Unfortunately we were misinformed about the purpose of the fund.
3.	A mini-computer is a computer which is smaller than a normal computer.
4.	A megaphone is a cone-shaped device for making your voice sound louder in the open air.
5.	A submarine is a ship that can travel below the surface of the sea.
6.	These courses interrelate in a variety of ways.
7.	This gives greater peripheral vision.
8.	Protection of the environment is a precondition of a healthy society.
9.	We sat in a big semicircle round Hunter's desk.
10.	The university hopes to collaborate with industry.

The number of the sentence	The word	The prefix	The meaning of the prefix
1.	incompetence
2.	unfortunately
2.	misinformed
3.	mini-computer
4.	megaphone
5.	submarine
6.	interrelate
7.	peripheral
8.	precondition
9.	semicircle
10.	collaborate

Exercise 4.

Fill in the gaps with the correct prefix from the following list.

auto-	inter-	micro-	mono-	sub-
de-	maxi-	mini-	multi-

1.	This is an age of high technology and __mation.
2.	The knowledge was there somewhere in the depths of his __consciousness.
3.	Many local papers are prosperous because they enjoy a virtual __ poly.
4.	He accused the Minister of seeking to __ centralise the Commission.
5.	The company's main objective is to __mize profits.
6.	The high way __secting Main Street is a busy crossing.
7.	Our aim must be to __mize the risks.
8.	A __wave oven is a cooker which cooks food very quickly by short-wave radiation rather than by heat.
9.	Many of the West's large __national companies have operations in Africa.

Practice

Exercise 1.	Translate the following words into Russian. Identify suffixes and prefixes.
anti-body	decode	disarm	postwar	ultramodern
anti-fascist	decompose	discover	prehistoric	ultra-violet
coauthor	deform	ex-champion	reconstruct	undress
co-existence	depart	interaction	reread	unequal
cooperation	disappearance	misunderstand	superhuman	untrue

Exercise 2.	Find suffixes of the words below, identify the parts of speech to which these words belong.
active	dangerous	freedom	passage	understandable
artist	different	function	peaceful	useful
attractive	director	fundamental	pitiless	worker
British	doubtful	heartless	professional
capitalism	economic	industrial	silence
childish	elementary	kingdom	successful
creative	experiment	musician	treatment

Exercise 3.	a) Form nouns using proper suffixes.
to communicate	to create	to invent	to recognize	to transform
to construct	to identify	to operate	to restore	to transmit

	b) Translate the words with the prefix fore-.
forearm	forego	foremost	forestate
forefather	foreknow	foresee	foretell

Exercise 4.

Suffixes.

HELP BOX

• Suffixes change the class of the root word. For example, by adding the suffix -al, the noun digit is changed into the adjective digital. Suffixes can help you tell if a word is a noun, an adjective or a verb. Common adjectival suffixes are: -y, -able, -ible, -ive, -al, -ed, -ful, -ic, -less, -ing. Common noun suffixes are: -er, -or, -ion, -tion, -ation, -ment, -ness, -ity, -ant, -logy, -ing, -y, -ure, -sion. • When using suffixes, always check in your dictionary to see if you need to change any other letters. scan→ scanner(double n)

A. Look at the HELP box and then use suitable suffixes to make adjectives or nouns from these words. In some cases, you can make more than one word. Use a dictionary to help you.

	colour
	profession
	photograph
	wire
	blur
	innovate
	underexpose

B. Complete these sentences with the word in brackets and one of these noun suffixes: -tion, -er, -ing, -logy, -ness. Use a dictionary to help you.

1.	Kodak is a (manufacture) __ of photographic and imaging equipment.
2.	To avoid red eyes, use the camera's red eye (reduce) __ feature.
3.	(Crop) __ a photograph means cutting out the parts of an image you don't need.
4.	The (sharp __ of a photograph is a combination of resolution and acutance – the ability to represent clear edges.
5.	Digital (techno) __ is evolving so rapidly that some cameras have a resolution of 12 megapixels – that's 12 million pixels.

Exercise 5.

Form other parts of speech from the following words:

to compete	to enter	to participate	to succeed
to complete	to evaluate	to relate	to vary
to depend	to graduate	to require

Exercise 6.

Form the derivatives of the words given in the chart below. Use a dictionary if necessary.

Noun	Verb	Adjective
depression
		embarrassed
	agree
	argue
	suffer

Exercise 7.

Define the parts of speech of the following words:

achieve –	achievement
act –	active –	action –	activity
assist –	assistance –	assistant
celebrate –	celebration
city –	citizen
contain –	container
develop –	development
difference –	different
discover –	discovery –	discoverer
educate –	education
govern –	governor –	government
graduate –	graduation –	undergraduate –	post-graduate
literature –	literary –	illiterate
measure –	measurement –	measurable
nation –	national –	nationality
progress –	progressive
resistance –	resistant

	Exercise 8.	Fill in the table with the proper derivatives which are possible.
Verb	Noun	Adjective
to investigate		–
	measurement
to observe
		creative
	success
to require
		wide
	proof	–
to grow		–
	existence	–
		safe
to develop		–
	improvement	–
to reduce		–
	recognition	–
		unimaginable

Exercise 9.

The prefixes e and cyber.

HELP BOX

The prefixes e- and cyber- • The e- prefix means electronic and we add it to activities that take place on computers or online, for example e-business/e-commerce – business conducted over the Internet. Other examples include: e-card, e-learning, e-zine, e-voting, e-signature, e-assessment, e-cash, e-book and e-pal. There areoften spelling variations, with or without a hyphen, so always check your dictionary. • The cyber- prefix comes from cybernetics, and we use it to describe things related to computer networks, for example cybercafé – an internet cafe. Other examples include: cybercrime,cyberculture,cyberslacker and cyberspace.

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