Tenses in the Active and Passive Voice

Finite Forms of the Verb

I. The Active Voice

Tense	Aspect
Simple	Continuous	Perfect	Perfect Continuous
Present	V, V-s V V-s	be V-ing I am V-ing is V-ing are V-ing	have V3 have V3 has V3	have been V-ing have been V-ing has been V-ing
 V?	 V-ing?	 V3?	 been V-ing?
 not V	 not V-ing	 not V3	 not been V-ing
Past	V-ed, V2 V2V-ed	V-ing I, he, she it	had V3 had V3	had been V-ing had been V-ing
Did  V?		Had  V3?	Had  been V-ing?
 did not V		 had not V3	 had not been V-ing
Future	V I,we V		have V3 I,we have V3
 V?	 be V-ing?	 have V3?	 have been V-ing?

I. Translate the sentences. Define the tense-form and the aspect of the predicate.

A.

1. Modern industry requires materials capable of working in diverse conditions.

2. At the beginning of the 20-th century people did not think of flying at or above the speed of sound.

3. The main advantage of using gas as a fuel is that it burns with a smokeless flame and burns up with hardly any waste.

4. This process will result in the rearrangement of components.

5. The mass of an atom does not determine its chemical properties the latter depends primarily upon the charge of its nucleus.

6. The theory gave a satisfactory explanation of experimental facts.

7. The power station will operate on a dual pressure steam cycle with the turbine high pressure cylinder designed to accept steam at two pressures.

8. The term operation implies to some extent a repetition of some action or some parts of an action.

9. The circumstances were favourable and we completed our work in time.

10. Electronic computers calculate the trajectories of spaceships, help to prepare, launch and monitor the rockets that carry the most complicated and sophisticated equipment.

11. The method of cooling suggested by this engineer will improve the engine’s efficiency.

12. A body at high temperature gives up heat to the surrounding air and heats it.

13. These experiments left little doubt that such phenomena exist.

14. The question is whether this scientific model will apply to the industrial plant.

15. The regulation of the speed of machines was the earliest application of closed-loop control systems.

16. Electronics gives the space pilots easy control for soft landing on other planets.

17. Faraday’s natural scientific conception created a revolution in the understanding of electrical phenomena.

18. Collision-warning radars will operate automatic control if there is a danger of meteor hitting the spaceship.

B.

1. Science is becoming a leading factor in the progress of mankind.

2. Water was pouring from the hole at a rate of three hectoliters per minute.

3. The importance of space means of communication is increasing every year.

4. Almost every processing industry is now exploring the use of microwave heat.

5. We will be living in a different world in the future: machines will be doing many jobs, that are done by people today, we will by travelling to other planets regularly and someone from other planets will be visiting the Earth.

6. We were watching a new double planet formation.

7. Scientists of different countries are successfully developing quantum generators called lasers, and are looking for practical uses for a new kind of ray which is millions of times brighter than the sun.

8. What will you be doing in the laboratory tomorrow morning? We shall be watching the operation of a new device.

9. He made several mistakes when he was typing the paper.

10. The smaller the phenomena man is investigating, the bigger, costier, and more complex is the equipment needed to conduct such research.

11. Scientists and engineers were concentrating their attention on developing a power generating installation.

12. In an open system information is continually flowing within the system and between the system and its environment.

13. What will she be doing next term? She will be lecturing at the university.

14. He was looking through the morning mail when his boss called him.

15. They were listening to the story told by a survivor of the terrible earthquake.

16. The force of gravity is pulling us downwards towards the centre of the earth.

17. He will be interviewing a foreign delegation at this time tomorrow.

18. Radioactive materials are constantly undergoing a change.

C

1. These scientists have succeeded in designing a small-dimensioned electronic device.

2. Achievements in the studying of atom structure have opened up new, practically unlimited possibilities to humanity for further mastering of nature’s forces.

3. This conference had provided an opportunity for an exchange of views on the techniques, problems and future development of automatic programming.

4. Mankind has never experienced changes in life and work on such a scale.

5. Have you already finished your diploma work? No, I shall have finished it by the end of June.

6. This design bureau has developed and brought to mass production a series of highly reliable liquid propellant engines for launch vehicles of various class and destination.

7. Electronics has widened our vision and given us the change to see the microworld more clearly.

8. The factory will have fulfilled the plan by the end of December.

9. They will have prepared all the documents by the time the director returns.

10. I had already read two chapters of the book when you came yesterday.

11. Rapidly advancing technology of satellites has made critical the need for smaller electronic components.

12. From the earliest times human beings have wondered about the shape of the earth.

13. We have expressed satisfaction with the design that was so original.

14. By the beginning of the lecture the laboratory assistant had brought all the necessary diagrams.

15. Practically every advancement in the aerospace industry has depended on new and better materials.

16. By the end of the year scientists and designers will have developed a new generation of robots.

17. The design and the use of servomechanisms have grown to be an extremely important part of electric and mechanical technology.

18. Modern science has had more successes than failures in its most highly developed departments, notably in physics, astronomy, and genetics.

D

1. Our researches have been investigating the problems of environmental protection for three years now.

2. I had been working on my report for some hours when he came.

3. By the 1^st of January he will have been working at the laboratory for six years.

4. He has been following this scientist’s research with great interest for many years.

5. When you enter the university you will have already been studying English for more than seven years.

6. They have been developing a very fine technology for obtaining transistors with pre-set physical properties since last year.

7. They have been discussing the results of the experiment since early morning.

8. More recently this method of analysis has been growing in favour and it will probably find use in certain manufacturing processes.

9. Measuring instruments have been reporting the temperature, pressure, rate of flow since the beginning of operation of a test installation.

10. By the end of the month they will have been accumulating and analyzing data connected with their research for several months.

11. They have been doing a lot to improve the quality of the devices lately.

12. They have been trying to solve the problem since they began to work together, but with no success.

13. The designer had been making some changes in the original project before they started to realize it.

14. The research group had been studying the properties of this substance for a long time.

15. We will have been assembling the installation for three months by the first of December.

16. He had been trying to establish business contacts with the company for a long time.

17. She has not been talking to her adviser long.

18. I have been having a lot of trouble with this equipment since I bought it.

II. Comment on the use of tenses in the following sentences and translate them into Russian.

1. Every force does its own job no matter how many other forces are acting.

2. Physicists didn’t notice a discharge was taking place.

3. When we speak of management and its decisions we are really speaking of the setting of opinion or belief. This is not a process to be oversimplified.

4. Radar provides new information on meteorology and astronomy measuring winds at high levels, detecting meteors and studying cosmic rays.

5. The upsurge of electronics after the World War II gave rise to an entirely new class of computing machines expected to be employed both in industry and business.

6. The change in velocity resulted from the force which was acting from outside.

7. The scientist has studied the new kind of radiation and now we know how to detect it.

8. The application of the technique will be far more practical in future than is the case today.

9. The questions arises as to whether such primitive form really has functional significance.

10. Another ten years and you will have forgotten all about it.

11. During the past century large telescopes equipped with photographic plates have provided most of what we know about normal stars, stars whose temperatures range from 2,000 degrees kelvin, or a third the temperature of the sun.

12. Certain celestial objects radiate thousands of times more energy at infrared wavelength that the sun does at all wave length.

13. Just as the television has extended human sight across the barriers of time and distance, so the computers extend the power of the human mind across the existing barriers.

14. At first most of his colleagues didn’t like his new ideas but after some extremely successful experiments he made, they saw he was right.

15. I’ve just read an article which is very important for the work I/m doing now.

16. The speed at which today’s modern computers operate and rapid advances in data storage capacity have, over the past few years, caused something of a revolution.

17. Each excited electronic state of the atom has a characteristic lifetime that indicates the average time it takes an electron to fall to a lower level and thus radiate a proton.

18. We are having some trouble with the machine we have just installed.

19. The problem has been, and is, the development of the appropriate materials and the development of the best engineering techniques for their utilization.

20. The effects produced by the small planets like the Earth and Mars are trivial, but Jupiter and Saturn modify and even radically change the orbits of comets and asteroids.

21. Communication systems have become more sophisticated and their data-transmission rate has increased.

22. Many scholars have suggested that we are indeed entering a new age whether they label it “post-industrial” or “scientific” or whatever.

III. Define the kind of the subordinate clause. Select and analyse the predicate in each sentence. Translate the sentences.

1. When they advanced their hypothesis they had no adequate tool to make it practicable.

2. His interpretation seems to be related to the analysis we have just examined.

3. What the businessman needs to know is how the new developments can be applied in industry.

4. The approach indicated above is different from what we may call the traditional approach.

5. As the X-ray method of examining inner organs is to a certain extent harmful, scientists have developed a new method of ultrasonic examination.

6. A missile which flies at 35,000 feet encounters less air resistance than a missile flying near the sea level.

7. One of the most interesting developments in this field is the great number of small firms that have begun manufacturing computers during the last few years.

8. Subsequent work has made it clear that the two factors interact giving rise to a sudden change of the whole pattern.

9. A nuclear reactor will be practical at some future time when very large long-life space vehicles come into use.

10. We define an atom as the smallest particle of an element which takes part in a chemical change.

11. Roentgen became aware of the existence of X-rays when he noticed that a fluorescent substance became luminous even through a thick layer of some material.

12. Hydraulic turbines are the machines that convert the energy of flowing water into mechanical energy.

13. Today we are finishing the job we started a year ago.

14. We are going to write an article about the experiments we have made recently.

15. When we came to the factory, the workers were still installing the new equipment.

16. When I switched on the radio, they were broadcasting a very interesting program

17. Great difficulties arose when we were applying this method to practice.

18. He found an error when he was making an additional check.

19. We obtained the desired information when we were analyzing the data.

20. We didn’t know that you had already compared and discussed the results.

21. The project will never succeed if there is no understanding among the participants.

22. You will benefit a lot if you sign the contract.

23. They won’t change their decision until they get more reliable information.

24. A question that has received considerable attention concerns the possibility of this mechanism.

25. That these reactions occur at such temperatures is not very surprising.

IV. Use the verbs given in brackets in proper tenses.

1. Present Indefinite or Present Continuous

1. What language they (to speak) in Holland? What language he (to speak) now?

2. The professor (to speak) five foreign languages. Right now he (to speak) Dutch.

3. My friend always (to tell) me the truth, but I see that she (to tell) a lie now.

4. She (not to understand) what the teacher (to explain).

5. I (not to recognize) the man who (to give) a talk.

6. What you (to think) about? – I (not to think) of anything, I just (to have) a rest.

7. She often (to come) to see you? – Not so often, she (to be) a student now and (to be) very busy.

8. What you (to look) at? – I (to look) at that picture over there. It (to be) beautiful.

9. Ring me up when you (to be) free. I (to have) something to discuss with you.

10. You (to understand) what they (to speak) about? – No, they (to speak) too low.

2. Future Indefinite or Present Indefinite

1. The article (not to be) very difficult. He (to translate) it tonight.

2. My friend (to leave) tomorrow. She (to say) she (to write) to me every week.

3. I think he (to make) good progress very soon because he (to work) hard.

4. We (to have) another discussion as soon as we (to receive) the final results.

5. If you (to translate) this article into Russian, I (to use) it in my report.

6. If the sun (to be) red, it is a sign that we (to have) a fine day tomorrow.

7. There (to be) some mistakes in this document. – All right. I (to type) it again.

8. We (to contact) you if we, (to have) the information you are interested in.

9. Leave a note for them on the table and they (to see) it when they (to come)

10. You (to do) anything special tomorrow? – Yes, if my cousins (to come), I (to show) them round London.

3. Past Indefinite or Past Continuous

1. He (to come) in and (to see) Nelly who (to draw) a strange picture.

2. I (not to hear) what he (to say). I (to type) at the moment.

3. We (to talk) in silence for 5 minutes, then he (to speak).

4. When it (to happen)? It (to happen) when you (to talk) to your secretary.

5. Nobody (to know) what he (to think) about at that moment.

6. She (to make) good progress in French as an experienced teacher (to teach) her.

7. Paul (to walk) aimlessly up and down the room for a long time. He (not to know) what to do.

8. I (to sit) on the bench for half an hour and then (to begin) reading a book).

9. You (to see) him in the morning? – Yes, he (to stand) in the hall speaking to his colleagues.

10. While the manager (to talk) on the phone, the secretary (to get) the documents ready.

4. Past Indefinite or Present Perfect

1. He (to forget) his French since he (to leave) Paris.

2. The director (not to sign) the document yet.

3. I (to lose) my keys and (not to remember) where I (to see) them last.

4. You (to hear) from Jane lately? – Yes, I (to get) a message from her last night.

5. I (to get) a fax from Boston an hour ago, but I (not to answer) it yet.

6. You (to speak) to Ann yesterday? – No, I (not to see) her lately. I (not to remember) when I last (to see) her.

7. Where (to be) Nikolayev? Why he (not to come) to the Institute? – I (not to see) him today. I am afraid he (to fall) ill.

8. The lecture already (to begin). When it (to begin)? It (to begin) a few minutes ago.

9. I (not to see) them since we (to graduate) from the Institute.

10. You (to discuss) this problem with him, when you (to be) in Moscow?

5. Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous

1. They (to make) the experiment since eight o’clock in the morning. They only just (to finish).

2. Ann (to fail) her exam three times because she (to be) so bad in mathematics. But she (to practise) for a week now, I hope she’ll pass it in the end.

3. Customers (to ring) up all morning complaining about getting incorrect bills. – I know. Something (to go) wrong with our computer.

4. Scientists (to study) this substance for many years. They already (to discover) some useful properties of this substance.

5. I (to try) to learn Japanese for years, but I (not to make) good progress yet.

6. He (to work) at his report since Monday. He (to begin) just to write conclusion.

7. They (to discuss) this problem for rather a long time, but (not to come) to an agreement yet.

8. How long she (to study) music? – She (to study) music since her early childhood.

9. I (to look) through, the papers for more than two hours already, but I (not to find) anything interesting yet.

10. How long you (to know) each other? – Since we went to college.

6. Present Perfect or Past Perfect

1. He looked at the girl and understood he (to see) her somewhere before.

2. You ever (to see) a flying saucer?

3. Nick hoped there (to be) no post since Friday.

4. He said they (to discuss) everything.

5. We couldn’t answer your fax at once. We (not to take) a final decision by that time yet.

6. We (not to see) him for ages. They say, he (to change) greatly.

7. The news that he (to leave) the town was a surprise to all of us.

8. By the time she came we (to do) the greater part of the work.

9. The secretary (to type) all the documents by the time the chief returned.

10. Mrs Brown lives next door but she never (to say) more than “good morning” to me.

7. Past Indefinite or Past Perfect

1. The teacher was a stranger to me. I never (to see) her before.

2. The house was very quiet when I (to get) home.

3. We felt happier when they (to leave).

4. She gave him the book his teacher (to recommend).

5. They (to finish) the translation by 5 o’clock.

6. She got a message saying he (to pass) the exam.

7. Margaret was late for work. Her friends (to be) very surprised. She never (to be) late before.

8. By the time we (to arrive), the discussion (to finish).

9. Before we (to take) Paul to the theatre, he never (to see) a play on the stage before.

10. He (to came) from a small town, and nobody (to hear) of him before.

V. Put the infinitives in brackets in the proper tense form. Translate the sentences.

1. We just (to finish) the analysis of the results.

2. When he entered the laboratory he (to see) that the researchers (to discuss) the results of the experiment which they just (to complete).

3. Now we (to study) the possibilities of using solar energy for practical purposes.

4. He (to look for) his notes but could not (to find) them anywhere.

5. We (to discuss) this problem for two years but still cannot (to find) the solution.

6. Their experiment (to result in) an unexpected discovery.

7. The rocket (to provide) the only practical means needed to place an artificial satellite in an orbit about the Earth.

8. After World War II complex vehicles and weapons (to be) merely assemblies of separately designed components rather than integrated systems.

9. K.E.Tsiolkovsky (to feel) sure that space flight (to be) a scientific possibility.

10. She (to read) the book ever since she (to come) from the Institute and couldn’t (to tear) herself away from it.

11. The lecture followed by a demonstration of the experiment (to take place) yesterday.

12. He (to predict) the phenomenon long before its discovery.

13. I am afraid they can’t (to settle) the problem you (to talk) about so soon.

14. They (to manage) to obtain the compound by the end of the month.

VI. Answer the questions paying attention to the difference in the use of Present Perfect Continuous and present Perfect.

Example: What have you been doing since two o’clock? (to write letters). I have been writing letters. But I have not written them yet.

1. What have you been doing since you came back from the Institute? (to check some data)

2. What have you been doing since morning? (to make measurements)

3. What have you been doing since I rang you up? (to repair the recorder)

4. What have you been doing since I left? (to solve some equations)

5. How long have you been gathering these data? (since I started performing the experiment)

6. Since when have you been making these observations? (last month)

7. How long have you been studying this theory? (since I started working at the laboratory)

VII. Make up all possible types of questions to the following sentences.

1. All solid bodies become breakable at temperatures close to absolute zero.

2. Scientists all over the world are looking for more efficient ways of generating electricity directly from the atomic fuel.

3. A self-controlling device operates properly in all modes of work.

4. They have introduced an automatic control system lately.

5. This information will enable the scientist to make a forecast for the next few years.

6. They have been applying a high power telescope since they began their research.

7. Different automatic pilot systems will be providing a wide variety of control during the flight.

VIII. Translate the sentences into English.

1. Каждый предмет, независимо от того, какова его температура, излучает энергию.

2. Сооружение первой экспериментальной радиолокационной станции началось в 1935 году.

3. Пластичность многих веществ возрастает при нагревании.

4. Только недавно мы оценили потенциальные возможности этой области.

5. Определенные сложности возникают при любой попытке создать лабораторные модели астрофизических систем.

6. Каждый сегодня знаком с принципами, на которых работает радар.

7. Жидкости принимают форму сосуда, содержащего их.

8. Интенсивное изучение этого явления привело к некоторым важным открытиям.

9. Выставка, открытая в нашем городе, привлекла всеобщее внимание.

10. Некоторые ученые и инженеры работают над усовершенствованием традиционных производственных процессов, другие разрабатывают новые технологии.

11. Недавно наши исследователи осуществили очень важный эксперимент, и его результаты были в полном соответствии с их более ранними исследованиями.

12. Не спеши! Лекция начнется только через полчаса.

13. Кого ты ждешь? – Я жду нашего преподавателя. Он сейчас разговаривает с деканом.

14. Она просматривала почту, когда зазвонил телефон.

15. Книга, которую он только что написал, будет определенно пользоваться успехом.

16. Все устройства, которые мы только что посмотрели на выставке, очень современны.

17. Фирма, о которой я вам только что рассказал, предлагает различные виды оборудования для легкой промышленности.

18. Я уверен, что обсуждение не займет много времени.

19. Что вы будете делать на следующей неделе, Я буду принимать участие в конференции.

20. Вы думаете, вам потребуется много времени, чтобы закончить работу, - Я думаю, около полутора часов.

21. Он преподаватель физики. Он преподает с тех пор, как окончил университет.

22. Они получили интересные данные в ходе своего исследования.

II. The Passive Voice

Tense	Aspect
Simple	Continuous	Perfect	Perfect Continuous
Present	be V3 V3	be being V3 being V3	have been V3 been V3	Вместо отсутствующих форм Perfect Continuous употребляются формы Perfect
Past	V3	being V3	had been V3
Future	be V3	Вместо отсутствующей формы Future Continuous употребляется форма Future Simple	have been V3

I. Translate the sentences. Define the tense-form and the voice of the predicate.

A.

1. The apparatus is controlled in flight by a satellite programme computing device.

2. Wherever energy is expended an exact equivalent of heat is obtained.

3. Two kinds of radioactivity are distinguished: alpha-activity and beta-activity, the former is caused by emission of alpha particles and the latter by beta-particles emission.

4. The scientific and technological progress of a country is determined by the qualification of specialists.

5. The invention of the steam engine was soon followed by other useful inventions.

6. The signal was transmitted to one of the Andromeda galaxy stars.

7. The use of computers for computations was followed by their using in industry, teaching, guiding airplane flights, etc. At present electronic computers are also widely used in solving traffic problems.

8. When at rest the body will be subjected to normal pressure only.

9. The device built by Charles Babbage is now considered the parent of all modern computers.

10. The self-propelled Moon-car was equipped with scientific apparatus and instruments for research operations on the Moon at different distances from the place of landing and for controlling the operational characteristics.

11. In the atomic engine designed for providing a large thrust, heat is generated by carefully controlled atomic fissioning in a reactor.

12. Tremendous power is needed for driving a rocket or spaceship beyond the forces of the Earth’s gravity.

13. If we use the old methods, a lot of time will be wasted, and very little will be achieved.

14. These devices will be exhibited next month.

15. Coaxial cables were used in long-distance common-carrier communication long before they were used in cable TV.

16. The energy of light is transformed directly into electricity in photocells. It is precisely this energy that is used to power sputniks and spaceships with electricity.

B.

1. This kind of detector is being used to give extremely informative motion picture sequences of neutron images.

2. The properties of an alloy are being determined by the properties of the elements it consists of.

3. The first “Molniya-1” satellite was launched in April, 1965 when long-range radio communication and TV systems were being established in our country.

4. Large scale computers are being designed which completely rely on transistors supposed to generate minimum heat.

5. Computers for business use will be included into this category.

6. Various alternatives of the problem are being investigated.

7. A conference on those problems is being held now.

8. The machine was being tested when we came to the factory.

9. Something important was being discussed, so I decided to listen.

10. Electricity in the form of a continuous current was being experimented by scientists.

11. In the first electric battery electricity was being released as a result of the chemical changes.

12. This investigation was being carried on for six months.

13. Power is the rate at which energy is being spent, or the rate at which work is being done.

14. Numerous improvements are being made in this device by inventors.

15. As the purpose of the investigations was to determine the structure of the crystals, a number of complicated experiments was being conducted in our laboratory last month.

16. Some disagreement was revealed when the results of two experiments were being compared.

C.

1. Complex systems of radio transmission networks have been set up throughout the world.

2. A new electron tube has been designed for generating power at microwave frequency.

3. This equation had been subjected to a considerable amount of experimental tests.

4. Once this particle has been formed, it is very stable.

5. The present telecommunications networks have been constructed independently in response to various service objectives.

6. All the machines have been tested, and the results have been written down and filed.

7. Those sources of current in which chemical action is directly responsible for the flow of electricity have been called primary batteries.

8. The earth’s orbit round the sun has been carefully calculated.

9. Special measures will have been taken to provide extra-safety of the reactor.

10. Developments in atomic energy and electronics have been stimulated by the demand for new materials with improved properties and for new properties in old materials.

11. The solution of many problems had been affected by practical requirements and imitations.

12. Radio frequencies have long been considered the best means of communication across interstellar distances.

13. These data will have been obtained with the aid of computers by the end of the week.

14. A few elementary substances such as gold, silver, copper have been known since old times.

15. Up to now, thermal power has been used for driving rocket engines. This power is obtained by burning oxygen and hydrogen.

16. These questions will have been answered in a series of investigations, both experimental and theoretical by the end of the year.

II. Comment on the use of tenses and voice in the following sentences, and translate them into Russian.

1. Studies have shown that no serious modernization of the engine’s assemblies will be required in order to change an engine to a new bipropellant combination.

2. The tube was designed for and will find its widest application in colour TV receivers.

3. After the mixture had been heated the chemist obtained a substance with new properties.

4. Certain materials exhibit piezoelectric properties that is when subjected to a mechanical stress they develop am electrostatic charge. This effect has been employed in many variations.

5. As carbon dioxide from burning fuels rapidly increases in the atmosphere the heat is reflected back to the earth causing the so called greenhouse effect.

6. As the quality of ceramics is steadily improved a tenfold improvement over the earlier devices was obtained.

7. The idea that this technique is almost universally accepted has been criticized in many recent papers.

8. The procedure that has been followed has many disadvantages.

9. The language of problem solution essentially describes the action to be selected when the set of initial states, the alternatives available, the results of selecting different alternative and an evaluation of the results are given.

10. Electronic devices consume very little power because they are designed with the help of transistors.

11. Actual production is influenced by a complicated environment. By studying this environment an operational research model of the factors affecting production was constructed in the shape of a mathematical formula.

12. The earth radiates longer waves which are mostly absorbed by the surrounding atmosphere.

13. When the rocket approaches the Moon new gravitational force is brought into action that of the Moon.

14. The development of automatic computers is so rapid that often new designs have become obsolete before they have even been put into practice.

15. The first scientific atom picture which really took account of a wide range of phenomena was developed by Niels Bohr about 1913.

16. Nearly all gas engines are driven by explosions which take place within the cylinder of the engine.

17. When a current is sent through the wire which is too thin to carry it freely, then more electric energy will be converted into heat than in the case of a thick wire conducting a small current.

18. When the distorting force is removed certain substances return more or less completely to the original form or size.

19. The old machine will be used until a certain point when it becomes uneconomic to operate, and a new machine is to be installed.

20. Some laboratory experiments have been performed which exhibit the same physical effects as those important in cosmic electrodynamics.

21. The lack of electrical charge makes it impossible to detect neutrons in the same way protons and electrons are detected.

22. Several schemes for controlling machine-tools from the output of a digital computer have been, and are being developed in various parts of the world.

23. The size of microelectronic circuits has decreased to the point where their surface dimensions are measured in microns (thousandths of a millimeter) and their thickness in angstroms (tenmillionths of a millimeter).

24. Very few substances have the same freezing or boiling point and therefore these criteria are often used for analysis.

25. When sufficient altitude is reached the vertical take-off airplane levels off and flies as an ordinary airplane and the wing provides supporting lift.

26. Machine parts are often X-rayed to make sure that they are really suitable for the job they have been constructed for.

III. Use the verbs given in brackets in the proper tense and voice forms.

1. The mail (to bring) usually at 9 in the morning.

2. The experiment (to describe) in several journals next month.

3. Each piece of equipment (to test) very carefully.

4. The meeting (to put off), because the day (not to be) convenient for most of the people.

5. This consideration (to confirm) both by theory and by experiment.

6. At present computers (to use) more widely in the sphere of education.

7. Unique gas deposits (to find) in the northern part of that region.

8. Many few enterprises (to establish) in this area now.

9. Some hydrodynamic and electromagnetic phenomena (to describe) most simply in terms of waves.

10. Such substances (to use) successfully as the main elements both for various measuring instruments and automatic devices.

11. The act of transmitting a signal from one frequency band to another (to call) modulation.

12. These results (to obtain) by the joint efforts of many researchers lately.

13. The new spaceship (to launch) in Florida in some days.

14. Due to the instruments available the measurements (to make) quite accurately.

15. This fact (not to mention) in his last speech.

16. My project paper (to publish) next week.

IV. Change the form of the verbs in the sentences from the active into the passive voice.

Model: 1) Newton advanced the corpuscular theory of light.

The corpuscular theory of light was advanced by Newton.

2) The students have translated the article without mistakes.

The article has been translated by the students without mistakes.

1. We keep all the documents in perfect order.

2. They will solve the problem in the near future.

3. During testing of the new model the group used the most modern methods of control.

4. Scientists and engineers are developing new types of electronic and cybernetic devices.

5. They have just tested these machines.

6. Planck first proposed the quantum theory in 1901.

7. They will apply the new method as soon as they get new equipment.

8. He did not follow your pattern.

9. Scientists are using new types of devices in this experiment.

10. Christian Huyghens put forward the wave theory of light.

11. They will test this material until they obtain all the necessary data.

12. We have not settled the matter yet.

13. They charged the body negatively.

14. She is interviewing the participants of the conference.

15. They have made great progress in this field.

16. Everybody knows the difference between the three states of matter.

V. Change the form of the verbs in the sentences from the passive into the active voice.

Model: 1) His work was finished in time.

He finished the work in time.

2) This mistake will not be repeated by us in future.

We won’t repeat this mistake in future.

1. We are provided with atomic energy by the nucleus.

2. Electron was discovered by J.J.Thomson in 1897.

3. The effects of electricity were studied by many physicists.

4. The first electric battery was built by Alessandro Volta in 1800.

5. X-rays are being generated by cathode rays.

6. Precautions have been taken to dry the surface of the specimen.

7. The negative charge is carried by an electron.

8. The body will be heated enough by electricity.

9. The acceleration of a falling object is affected by air resistance.

10. The discovery of the double nature of electrons was followed by a change in the quantum theory.

11. X-ray examination and neutron radiography will be applied in their experiment.

12. The deflection of X-rays was being observed by the researchers both in a magnetic and in an electric field.

13. After the reliability of the new method had been proved, it was commonly accepted by the scientists.

14. The availability of cheap water power in this place was much spoken about.

15. The position of a planet beyond the range of human vision has been predicted by mathematical analysis.

16. The experiments on electricity were carries out by Benjamin Franklin in 1746.

VI. Translate the sentences paying attention to the modal verbs or their equivalents in the structure of the predicate.

1. If living standards are to be improved ways must be found to increase production.

2. The invention is not limited to the exact forms of setscrew illustrated in the accompanying drawings and specification, various changes in the detail of construction may be resorted to by those skilled in the art without departure from the scope of the invention.

3. The article published in the latest journal should be used in your research.

4. When the telescope system is in orbit reliable remote control from the ground must be provided.

5. Since the computer has become a common, business tool the information can be stored in electronic memories and got out by pressing a button.

6. The approach that has been developed here may be considered as an extension of the methods using enumeration.

7. An optimization model has to take into account costs or selling prices which are at least partially determined by the economic environment. The same environment dictated most of the constraints to be encountered.

8. By the use of this method a particular solution may readily be obtained and it is this, type of work that has been greatly aided by electronic machines.

9. Each metal possesses certain distinct combinations of properties that may be varied for specific applications by alloying it with relatively small amounts of other metals.

10. In this case mathematical methods have to be employed rather than graphical ones.

11. Great forces appearing due to expansion and contraction of solids should be taken into consideration in engineering.

12. If the system is to produce these characteristics, the error must be reduced to zero.

13. Thanks to the reliability of modern computing devices space flights can be accomplished successfully.

14. Many problems had to be solved: the main one was “breaking” the released neutrons efficiently so that the chain reaction could be controlled.

15. Calculations show that exceptionally small-sized generators and transformers can be developed with an efficiency of 99.99 per cent.

16. The principle involved in the construction of the electron microscope is that a stream of electrons can be deflected by a magnetic field.

17. A copper wire acting as a conductor in ordinary dynamos can be successfully replaced by a get of gas heated to a plasma state.

18. The efficiency of transforming the energy of fuel heat into electric current in a plasma generator can be brought even to 70 per cent.

19. It is proper to note that a basic distinction between gases, liquids, and solids can be made by considering the rigidity of the substance.

20. Problems of navigation are much more complex in space. So the velocity of the rocket and the velocity of the Earth and any planet it is trying to approach must be taken into consideration.

21. The chemical make-up of a star can be determined by the light it emits.

22. When the chamber is properly designed and the voltage properly adjusted the bursts of current may be magnified sufficiently by this process.

23. This process may be recorded electronographically, converted to a television picture signal or made visible on a phosphor screen from which it can be photographed.

24. Such metal can quickly and easily be traced and measured because of its radioactivity.

25. During such experiments interfering influences must be excluded and an artificial environment be created in which the contribution of the individual components can be taken account of.

26. One of these devices is particularly convenient in the data are to be processed by means of an electronic computer without any intermediate transcription involving a possible risk of errors.

27. The more a material is affected by corrosion, the more care must be taken to prevent it by adequate coating if good fatigue characteristics are to be maintained.

VII. Read the passages. Select the predicates in the passive voice.

1. What are the Reasons?

Many great cities of the world were built hundreds of years ago. During their long history some of them were destroyed several times for one reason or another, and then rebuilt.

London, for instance, was burnt down in the Great Fire of 1666.

When Napoleon’s army entered Moscow in 1812, the city was nearly empty and in flames. Most of the houses were soon destroyed by the fire, and many were badly damaged.

A lot of beautiful cities were left in ruins after the World Wars.

Serious damage is done to cities and villages by floods, hurricanes and earthquakes and still more by wars and industrial pollution.

2. Market economies are directed by prices. As the price of an item rises, sellers are encouraged to increase production, and consumers discouraged from purchasing the item. When the price falls, the opposite is true. In this way prices send out “signals” to buyers and sellers, thereby keeping the economy responsive to the forces of supply and demand.

In a free market economy prices are determined by the interaction of the forces of supply and demand. Perfectly competitive markets are those in which many buyers and sellers with full knowledge of market conditions, buy and sell products that are identical to one another.

Supply, which is the quantity of goods or services that sellers would offer for sale at all possible prices at a particular time and place, varies directly with price. In other words, at a higher price more goods and services will be offered for sale than at lower one and vice versa.

Demand is the quantity of goods or services that buyers would take at all possible prices. Demand varies inversely with price. That is at a higher price fewer items would be bought than at a lower one. The degree to which price changes affect demand will depend upon the elasticity of demand for a particular item.

The price, at which goods and services actually change hands is known as the equilibrium, or market price. It occurs at that point at which the quantity demanded exactly equals the quantity supplied. Market price can be represented graphically at the point of intersection of the supply and demand curves.

Shifts in demand or supply will affect market price. When everything else is held constant, an increase in demand will result in an increase in market price, and vice versa. Similarly, an increase in supply will result in a decrease in price, and vice versa.

VIII. Translate the sentences into English.

1. После того, как стало ясно, что в вычислении сделана ошибка, эксперимент был прекращен.

2. Мне рекомендовали несколько статей по этой проблеме.

3. Сила, необходимая для того, чтобы преодолеть сопротивление и инерцию, создается силовой установкой.

4. Новые данные, полученные в последнем эксперименте, обсуждаются сейчас исследователями.

5. Были предприняты меры, для того чтобы увеличить скорость установки.

6. Компрессоры используются для получения сильно сжатого газа.

7. При производстве товаров особое внимание следует уделять их качеству.

8. На этот раз все наблюдения были сделаны с помощью самого большого в мире телескопа.

9. Ломоносова можно назвать основоположником высшего образования в России.

10. После того, как была разработана новая технология, результаты значительно улучшились.

11. Тела и частицы приводятся в движение, когда на них действует сила.

12. Многочисленные изобретения были сделаны человеком для увеличения диапазона радио и телевизионных передач.

13. Статья должна быть переведена как можно быстрее, т.к. очень важная информация содержится в ней.

14. Результаты их эксперимента будут опубликованы и прокомментированы в следующем номере журнала.

15. Основная тенденция нашей жизни заключается в том, что компьютеры сейчас используются во всех областях технологии, науки и повседневной жизни.

16. Самые современные методы исследования применяются сейчас в нашей лаборатории.

17. Этот вопрос будут обсуждать на следующей неделе.

18. Ему дали все необходимые инструкции, прежде чем он начал эксперимент.

19. Эта статья интересная и на нее часто ссылаются.

20. Свойства этого элемента будут описаны детально.

21. Конференция была посвящена предмету, который изучался ими на протяжении двух лет.

22. Их попросили сделать химический анализ этих соединений.

23. К тому времени, когда эти данные были получены, наши эксперименты были завершены.

24. Ему еще не показали оборудование, которое будет использоваться в эксперименте.

25. Интенсивность света была измерена с большой точностью.

III. Revision Exercises on Tense and Voice

I. Define the tense and voice form of the predicate in the following sentences and translate them into Russian.

1. The calculations of the aerodynamic performance showed that the engine is able to operate when its units are cooled by radiation if a surface has a certain value of emission. This is achieved by coating the air intake’s body and the external body’s cone with a special heat-resistant highly emissive layer.

2. Since a spacecraft is designed for a mission to Mars we are waiting for the next favourable opportunity when Mars makes its close approach to Earth.

3. The analyst knows, in general, the range of conditions he must test, the nature of the results he is expecting, and the type of action he will take when he evaluates intermediate results.

4. Marketing directs the flow of goods and services from producers to consumers. The principal elements of marketing are summarized in the “four Ps” of Product, Price, Place and Promotion.

5. In search for improved reaction rates and new chemicals, engineers are turning to plasmas. Plasma chemistry has a long way to go before it makes a real impact on the chemical industry but it is slowly moving from the laboratory into the production plant.

6. Mathematical forecasting techniques ensure that the data are used in the best manner. The importance of this technique to commerce and industry is self-evident. It is essential that industry should have every assistance it can possibly obtain from science.

7. Science along with its spectacular developments in electronic fields has perfected the principles that promise to usher in the second part of the industrial revolution based on machines that correct their own mistakes, carry on complex repetitive tasks with as much- and sometimes more – skill, common sense, and precision as any human. These new machines can solve many of the human problems which the first industrial revolution has caused.

8. A current-carrying wire will almost always be at a higher temperature than the temperature of the same wire when a current is not flowing through it.

9. Combining many of the most important technological developments of the last decades, the computers embody the new technology of control in its highest form.

10. Never we have withnessed such a rapid progress as in the post-war electronics.

11. On April 12, 1961 in the USSR the world’s first satellite spaceship “Vostok” with a man on board was put into orbit round the Earth.

12. When the first space flights were made by Gagarine and Titov radio electronics was extensively used for trajectory measurements, for the transmission of radiotelemetric data and for radio communication with the earth.

13. Steam-driven bicycle was built using a steam engine. Although earlier steam-driven road vehicles had proved too heavy and cumbersome, the technology of the lightweight bicycle seemed at that time to offer new possibilities.

14. If proved experimentally the new concept is commonly adopted as a basis for further investigations.

15. The study of different substances at low temperatures has revealed many interesting phenomena. One of the most amazing was superconductivity – the complete loss of resistance to electrical current. This property has been found in more than 20 metals. If an electric current is sent through a ring of cooled metal of this type, it will circulate for a very long time.

16. Many people believe that it was a sad day indeed when Rutherfort split the atom; other people believe that if it had not been Rutherford, it would have been someone else.

17. When we speak about the further development of computers we mean not only quantity but also high technology and high speed.

18. The Copernical revolution entailed a fundamental change in man’s world view from an earth-centered planetary system to a sun-centered one and led to the development of modern astronomy and the exploration of space.

19. The most difficult problem that the Wright brothers encountered, and the last they surmounted, was the achievement of satisfactory flying qualities.

20. Early uses of digital computers were on military problems and from this had developed the present-day large volume of scientific calculations which have even greater civilian uses such as the new techniques we call operational research.

21. By a complex of theoretical assumptions, arguments by analogy and experimental determination the atomic weights of many of the chemical elements were established.

22. This field of research now has the potential to exert a deep influence on the way computer programs are produced.

23. The laws of thermodynamics which are in no sense the property of chemists, have been most helpful in developing physical chemistry, but they could not have given this help to the extent that they have without accurate experimental data of the most varied kind.

24. The first electronic computer, the Eniac, was completed soon after the end of the war. This however, was not the true forerunner of modern computers.

25. The giant planets beyond the asteroid belt, that is to say Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are each surrounded by a number of satellite bodies, in some cases forming what might be termed replicas of the solar system in miniature.

26. A plane crash is explained as a result of engine failure coupled with pilot error.

27. In the design of new systems, new devices and new materials for high temperatures a substantial body of information on material properties will be required.

28. The most important of laser’s advantages, their tremendous speed of action, was discovered a few years ago. This advantage has been applied in many devices.

29. Although the possibilities of artificial earth satellites were recognized immediately after World War II, it was not until the mid-1950’s that the future availability of rockets was assured and satellite program actually initiated.

30. In 1903 K.E.Tsiolkovsky described a streamlined rocket-driven vehicle for space travel which used liquid oxygen and hydrogen as propellants.

31. The pressurized liquid-propellant power plant has been used for rocket-assisted take-off power plants for aircraft.

32. His results generated wide interest since the pulses of gravitational radiation he was detecting implied the occurrence of cataclysmic events in the center of the galaxy. Several groups of workers around the world undertook similar efforts.

33. Our epoch is an epoch of scientific and technological revolution, when new ideas are being born and new discoveries and inventions are being made at an ever increasing rate.

34. Rockets will be the main means of travelling in space. There are various different kinds of rocket engines, but the traditional chemical rocket engine in which a fuel and an oxidizer are mixed and the hot gases produced are ejected in the opposite direction to the direction of travel will be the “work-horse” of life in space, like motor-car engines on Earth.

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