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Каротаж скважины с применением талевого канатаwireline вспомогательный канат, талевый канат armoured cable армированный кабель expandable arms распорки, кронштейн распорной колонки bow-spring дугообразная пружина kick вибрация бурового кабеля resistivity удельное сопротивление spontaneous potential естественный потенциал conductivity проницаемость, проводимость induction log диаграмма индукционного каротажа gamma ray гамма-луч neutron нейтрон formation density плотность пласта caliper кавернометр, нутромер magnetometer магнитометр
Task 1. Read the text and answer the questions: Задание 1. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы: At various stages during drilling, the drillstring is raised from the hole and a sonde containing a number of different logging tools is lowered to the bottom. The sonde is attached to armoured cable and is reeled back up at a steady speed, transmitting data to the loggers on the surface. The sonde makes contact with the well sides as it ascends, by means of expandable arms or bow-springs, which also act as transmitters for the electrical, acoustic or radioactive properties being examined in the formation. The information is recorded in different tracks on the log, alongside the depth strip. Zones of interest are shown by kicks when the measurement moves from one side to the other. 1. What exactly is a sonde? 2. How does it work?
Task 2. Read and translate the text: Задание 2. Прочитайте и переведите текст: Different types of wireline well log There are many different types of log – here are some of the most common examples. The first type of log, invented by the Schlumberger brothers in the 1920s, was an Electrical Log used to measure resistivity. It passed an electrical current into the formation and the resistivity to the current indicated the presence of hydrocarbons. Nowadays, resistivity is measured in other ways, but the electrical log is still used to measure the current generated by contact between mud and natural waters in the pores of a reservoir rock. This is known as Spontaneous or Self Potential (abbreviated to SP) and is recorded on Track 1 of the log. Different types of sedimentary rocks have different SP signatures, enabling identification by the petrophysicist. Nowadays, resistivity (or its inverse, conductivity) is measured by an Induction Log (IL), which allows the electric current to be focused and induced in a very specific zone of the formation. The tool can measure shallow, medium or deep resistivity depending on how far into the formation the current is passed. Oil and gas have very high resistivity and their presence shows a kick on the log. A third type of log is the Gamma Ray Log (GRL), which uses a scintillation counter to measure natural radioactivity in the rock. There are three main sedimentary rocks – shale, limestone and sandstone. Only shales are radioactive and they kick to the right on the log. Other sedimentary rocks kick to the left. Gamma ray logs are frequently used because they can be run in both openhole and cased-hole and are relatively cheap. Then, there are two types of log which act as radioactive sources. The first is a Neutron Porosity Log (NL), which bombards the rock formation with high speed atomic particles (neutrons). When a neutron meets a hydrogen particle, a lot of its energy is absorbed and gamma rays are produced. On the log, either the slow- moving neutrons or the gamma rays are counted, and this shows the porosity of the rock because the greater the number of neutrons and gamma rays, the more porous the rock. The log shows porosity as a percentage. The other is a Formation Density Log (FDL), also called a Gamma-Gamma Log. This measures the density of the subsurface rock by emitting gamma rays, which are absorbed when they encounter dense formation, but less so when they meet porous rock. So, in this case, a high measurement is an indicator of hydrocarbons. The last log is the Caliper Log (CAL). This is used to measure the diameter of the hole. It has sensors which brush the side of the hole as it is run up and generate a record of the size. The hole size is important for making calculations of cement quantities for casing, and also for the calibration of compensated logs.
Task 3. Fill in the table below in as much detail as you can from the information provided in Task 2. See if you can complete the table by carrying out further research on the Internet: Задание 3. Заполните таблицу, используя информацию из задания 2. Воспользуйтесь интернетом при необходимости:
Some Common Wireline Logs and their Uses
Alternatives to wireline logging Task 4. Match up the two parts of each sentence to form complete and factually correct sentences: Задание 4. Сопоставьте части предложений так, чтобы они имели смысл:
Task 5. Make a comparison between mud logging and wireline well logging. Задание 5. Сравните каротаж скважины с применением анализа проб бурового раствора и каротаж с применением талевого каната.
Практическое занятие 24 Anatomy of an Oilfield Анатомия нефтяного месторождения
basement геологический фундамент impinge сталкиваться, натыкаться enhance улучшать lime известь evaporitic испаряющийся anhydrite безводная сернокислая известь, сульфат кальция (CaSO4) inaccessible недоступный, недосягаемый fossils окаменелости, ископаемые остатки landmark наземный ориентир salinity минерализация, соленость infrastructure инфраструктура grains of sand песчинки dense плотный
Task 1. Read a geological description of one of the world's major oilfields and answer the questions: Задание 1. Прочитайте геологическое описание одного из самых больших в мире месторождений нефти и ответьте на вопросы:
Ghawar is an oilfield in Saudi Arabia. It is located about 100 km (62 miles) WSW from the city of Dhahran in Al-Ahsa county of the Eastern Province. Measuring 280 km x 30 km (170 miles x 19 miles), it is by far the largest conventional oilfield in the world. The field is entirely owned and operated by Saudi Aramco, the nationalized Saudi oil company. Ghawar occupies an anticline above a basement fault block dating to Carboniferous time, about 320 million years ago; Cretaceous tectonic activity, as the north-east margin of Africa began to impinge on south-west Asia, enhanced the structure. Reservoir rocks are Jurassic Arab-D limestones with exceptional porosity (as much as 35% of the rock in places), sourced from the Jurassic Hanifa formation, a marine shelf deposit of mud and lime with as much as 5% organic material (1% to 2% is considered good oil source rock). The seal is an evaporitic package of rocks including impermeable anhydrite.
1. Which geological period does the oilfield date from? 2. What kind of trap has created the reservoir? 3. Describe the type, source and features of the reservoir rocks.
Task 2. Read and translate the text. Discuss the questions: Задание 2. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Обсудите вопросы: 
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