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Task 3. Complete the beginning of the sentences with their ends and write sentences about developments in the use of materials.





1.The use of structural materials 2.The cast-in-place concrete shell 3.The geodesic dome 4.The three-dimensional steel space frame 5.A special kind of glass 6.Building materials 7.Traditional structures 8. The hybrid structural forms 9. The development of technical services in a building 10.The meaning of the famous triad "commodity, firmness, delight has been   has has been   has been have been has been has been have has have been     have tested   industrialized significantly upgraded   resist earthquakes and wind transformed due to contemporary technological progress. made the most fundamental changes developed invented achieved remarkable sizes developed

Task 4. Translate the sentences into English.

1. Развитие архитектуры в ХХ веке тесно связано с грандиозными изменениями в науке, технологии, промышленности, транспорте, обществе в целом.

2. Быстрый рост городов, стремительный рост цен на землю, изобретение надежных лифтов, появление банков, офисов, крупных промышленных компаний, отелей, универсальных магазинов привели к строительству высотных зданий.

3. Важную роль в использовании металлического каркаса в многоэтажных зданиях сыграла Чикагская школа архитектуры.

4. Работы архитекторов Чикагской школы оказали значительное влияние на дальнейшее развитие архитектуры США.

5. Первые многоэтажные здания появились в Чикаго, но прославил их Нью-Йорк.



6. Переход от тяжелой каменной кладки к легкой, но очень прочной стальной стержневой конструкции и навесной стене позволил строить не просто многоэтажные здания, а супервысокие небоскребы.

7. Главные качества Модернизма – рационализм, простые геометрические линии и отсутствие декора, функциональное внутреннее пространство, использование бетона, стекла и стали.

8. С 1920-х до 1960-х годов Международный стиль определял основное направление мировой архитектуры от Европы до Японии, от США до Австралии.

9. История архитектуры удивительна: это великая история о величайших творениях из глины, дерева, камня, кирпича, металла, стекла и бетона, бесконечная и прекрасная история человечества

 

Task 5. Fill in the chart. Speak about development of the High-Tech technology of the millennium.

Architects Time Structures Details
       
       
       
       
       
       

Task 6. Find in the Text English equivalents of the word-combinations.

Инновационные идеи; монолитная железобетонная оболочка; трехмерная, стальная стержневая конструкция; равномерное распределение нагрузки во всех направлениях; геодезический купол; облицовка каркасной стены; сборные конструкции заводского изготовления; выдерживать сейсмические и ветровые нагрузки на больших высотах; модернизировать; рамная конструкция высотного здания; жесткий центральный ствол здания; поперечная стена; раскрепленная связями жесткости внешняя оболочка ограждающих конструкций; альтернативные источники энергии; проект-победитель конкурса; быть "одержимым" техническими изобретениями; сооружение сравнимое со сложнейшим самолетом; гигантский парусный корабль; изысканные и выразительные пространственные сооружения.



Task 7. Retell the text

"THE SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE:

THE ARCHITECTURAL WONDER OF THE 20th CENTURY"

 

The Sydney Opera House is situated in SydneyHarbor, close to the HarborBridge. The building and its surroundings are the best-known icons of Australia. Based on a competition-winning project, the Sydney Opera House is one of the world's most outstanding 20th century buildings. In June 2007, it was among the 20 selected finalists of the Global Project "The Seven Wonders of the Modern World". Since that time, it has been a UNESCO World Heritage site.

 

The Sydney Opera House

 

The competition was launched in September 1955 and received a total of 233 projects from 32 countries. The criteria specified a large hall for
3,000 people and a small hall for 1,200 people, each to be designed for concerts, opera and ballet performances, as well as for conferences, presentations, ceremonies and special-occasion events. In 1957, Jorn Utzon (b. 1918), a talented Danish architect and winner of the contest, arrived in Sydney to supervise the project. Construction began in March 1959.
The project included three stages. Stage I (1959–1963) consisted of building the upper podium. Stage II (1963–1967) was the construction of the outer "shells". Stage III (1967–1973) included the interior design.

The Sydney Opera House is an expressive modern design, with a series of large precast concrete shells, forming the roofs of the structure. The form of the shells is chosen to reflect the internal height: it varies from the low entrance space over the seating area to the vast stage space. Although the roof structures are commonly called "shells", they are, in fact, precast concrete panels supported by precast concrete ribs. The roofs are covered with 1,056 million glossy white and matte cream self-cleaning Swedish-made tiles. The Concert Hall and the Opera Theatre are located in the two largest groups of shells. The structure is supported by 588 concrete piers sunk up to 25 m (82 ft) below the sea level. The building is 183 m (600 ft) long and
120 m (393 ft) wide at its widest point. Its power supply provided by 645 km of electrical cable is equivalent to that of a town with a population of
25,000 people. The interior of the Sydney Opera House is composed of pink granite and expensive wood.



The Sydney Opera House is one of the largest theatres in the world. Nowadays, it contains the most sophisticated recording studio and 5 main performance spaces, including the Opera Australia, the Sydney Theatre Company, and the Sydney Symphony. The Symphony Concert Hall contains the Grand Organ, the largest and most unique mechanical organ in the world with 10,000 pipes.

 

Unit 15

Task 1. Read the text

"THE BRAVE NEW WORLD: "TO REACH TO THE SKY"

1. The USA's architecture began its great break from the past. It was not easy. Architects trained in old traditions tried to find structural forms that were beyond Classical models. They experimented with Neo-Classicism and the Gothic Revival. Finally, the steel frame marked the birth of 20th century architecture.

In big cities, rocketing land values caused the demand for tall buildings. In response to that demand, a load-bearing metal framework structurally independent of external walls was developed. The steel skeleton supported its own weight, as well as the external structural wall cladding. That change from masonry to steel reduced the weight of structures and increased their height. Lightweight constructions allowed building bigger windows and generated larger internal space. Chicago became an intellectual center of new architecture. The disastrous fire of 1873, which destroyed the city center, became a challenge and unprecedented opportunity for architects to build a new, with modern materials and contemporary techniques. A steel framework design of the 15-storeyed Reliance Building (1895) by Charles Atwood (1849–1895) belonged to the first generation of skyscrapers. Yet, it was the city of New York that made the new style famous world-wide.

2. For almost 20 years, the Woolworth Building (1913) dominated New York's skyline: together with the Statue of Liberty, it was the first sight visitors saw if they came to the USA by way of the Atlantic Ocean. The 232-m (760-ft) tower, rising gracefully in 4 successive stages, was crowned with a steep medieval roof. It was designed by Cass Gilbert (1859–1934), "an architect famous for bringing poetry to the skyscraper design by giving an office building the quality of a cathedral". The architect used new technology, but clad his 60-storeyed skyscraper in a fine layer of lightweight and fireproof terracotta, rich in Decorated Gothic details. In 1930, the Chrysler Building by William Van Allen (1883–1954) outranked Gilbert's "Cathedral of Commerce". The graceful skyscraper of a breath-taking height of 319 m (1,046 ft) became the most striking detail of the Manhattan skyline. The next year, another New York's architectural landmark was completed to become the tallest structure in the world until 1954. The Empire State Building designed by Lamb and Harmon Company was 381 m (1,250 ft) high. The 102-storeyed skyscraper, rising in diminishing stages, was the first steel-framed structure of such great vertical dimension.

3. The Chrysler Building and the Empire State Building have long been considered the zenith of the skyscraper design. They are well-thought-out, sophisticated, and elegant structures, topped with spires that vanish into the clouds on winter or stormy days. Both skyscrapers are decorated with delicate Art Deco details, the evidence of the good taste of their creators. Both structures use modern weather-proof materials such as alloy plating. "Ziggurat" profiles of New York's skyscrapers were determined by the 1920's Law of City Planning. The Law required all tall buildings to be progressively stepped back to admit light and air to the lower levels, and to prevent the city streets from becoming sunless canyons. New York's champions: the Woolworth Building, the Chrysler Building, the Empire State Building

4. The RCA Tower in New York marked a further stage in the development of the skyscraper. The 70-storeyed Tower was the main structure of the Rockefeller Center built in 1929–1940. The Center was a huge complex, an integrated composition made up of 9 towers, a mall, a plaza, and a skating-rink. Black glass, mirrors, polished metal, and bright lights under a golden ceiling produce an unforgettable impression.

5. Among the decorative styles of the early 20th century, the most prominent ones were Art Nouveau and Art Deco. Art Nouveau was an ornamental style that flourished between 1890 and 1910. It was developed in England by the Arts and Crafts Movement, and soon spread to the continent and the USA. It was called "Jugendstil" in Germany, "Stile Florale" in Italy, and "Modernismo" in Spain. Samuel Bing, a gallery owner from Paris, originated the term "Art Nouveau" in 1895. The style was characterized by the use of long curved lines and floral ornamentation. Art Nouveau was used mostly in architecture and interior design of theatres and galleries, restaurants and cafés, in jewelry and glass design, in posters and illustrations. Some of the most prominent artists of the style were the French designer and glassmaker Emile Gallé (1846–1904), the unique Spanish architect and sculptor Antonio Gaudi (1852–1926), the American architect Louis Sullivan (1856–1924), the Belgian architect Victor Horta (1861–1947).

6. Art Deco, also called Style Modern, was a movement in decorative arts and architecture that originated in the 1920's and developed into a major style in the 1930's. Art Deco represented modernism turned into fashion. Its items included luxury goods of unique elegance and sophistication. It was essentially the style of banks, offices, hotels, department stores, mass media headquarters, and apartment blocks.

7. As the shape of the world was changing, so were the conceptions of man about space. The grand rocket-like skyscrapers of the early 20th century demonstrated unlimited possibilities of architects and engineers, who used new materials and technologies to build structures as high as the eye can see and even beyond the human vision.

Vocabulary

1. masonry каменная кладка

2. outrank превзойти

3. well-thought-out хорошо продуманный,

4. topped with spires покрытый сверху шпилями

5. prominent видный

 

 








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