Сделай Сам Свою Работу на 5

Task 2. Read Text B. Use suitable words from the box to complete the sentences.





aqueducts amphitheatre arch basilica bridges domes England emperor-architects fireproof gigantic great fire Greece hard-working Italy landscape mud-bricks roads stylistic temple timber vast waterproof well-organized

 

1. The Romans were … and … people.

2. The Romans conquered a … territory and created a … empire.

3. They dominated … in 300 BC, … – around 100 BC, … – in 50 AD.

4. The Romans constructed a wide network of excellent … and …

5. A system of huge … carried water to Roman cities.

6. The Romans invented a new building material – … concrete.

7. The use of concrete allowed building great … and … bridges.

8. Roman architecture was characterized by a great … unity.

9. Most Roman citizens lived in houses made of … and …

10. After the …, the floors and walls of houses were made of … concrete.

11. The Roman Empire was lucky to have great …

12. The Colosseum was the first permanent … of the Roman Empire.

13. The Pantheon was a domed … dedicated to the gods of … planets.

14. Hadrian's Villa near Tivoli was an example of wonderful … architecture.

15. The Roman … has become the prototype of the Christian church.

Task 3. Read the Text "Ancient Rome: the Master Builders" carefully. Relate the numerical data of the Text to the facts below.

3. At the empire's zenith in …, the population of Rome exceeded … people.

4. The Senate passed the law on the safety of dwelling houses after the great fire of Rome in ….

5. The Romans invented waterproof concrete as early as …

6. The Roman basilica was originated in …

7. The Coliseum was … years under construction.

8. The great amphitheater housed … spectators.

9. The Triumphal Column was built in …

10. The Pantheon was started in …

11. The Basilica of Constantine was completed in …

12. The greatest empire of the ancient world collapsed in …

 

Task 4. Find in the Text arguments to complete the sentences.



 

1. The Romans conquered a gigantic territory and created the greatest empire, because …

2. For the Romans, architecture was a practical affair, because …

3. The Romans were the greatest master builders, because …

4. The variety of Roman structures was great, because …

5. Numerous architectural styles were developed in the empire, because …

6. The Colosseum was the greatest amphitheatre of Rome, because …

7. The Pantheon was the most impressive project of the Roman Empire, because …

8. Hadrian's Villa was a little kingdom, because …

9. Roman engineering structures remained unchallenged for many centuries, because …

 

Task 5. Match the synonyms .

 

1. administration a. to divide 9. expensive i. constant
2. ahead b. better 10. lucky j. splendid
3. ancient c. strong 11. magnificent k. antique
4. brilliant d. fortunate 12. permanent l. costly
5. to build e. to require 13. to separate m. to rule
6. to complete f. in front of 14. superior n. huge
7. to demand 8. to dominate g. to finish h. to construct 15. tough 16. vast o. government p. grand.

 

Task 6. Choose the correct word in brackets.

 

1. (Like / Unlike) the Greeks, the Romans were practical and well-organized people.

2. The Romans conquered the Greeks (but / and) used their art and culture.

3. The Roman talent for organization was demonstrated everywhere, (specially / especially) in architecture and city planning.

4. The Romans used the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders of the Greeks (except / besides) their own orders – Tuscan and Composite.

5. (Although / Nevertheless) various local styles were popular in the empire, Roman architecture had a great stylistic unity.



6. The Roman Senate passed a new law about construction rules (before / after) the great fire of Rome.

7. In the Roman Empire, wealthy families built their houses (around / inside) a courtyard.

8. The Alcantara Bridge in Spain (still / already) carries traffic (across / along) the River Tagus.

9. The Pantheon had been the most impressive domed temple (until / before) the 15th century.

10. The Hadrian Villa (not far from / far from) Tivoli is located (north / south) of Rome.

11. As architects and engineers, the Romans were centuries (ahead of / behind) their time.

 

 

Task 7. Join the sentences using the Participial Construction. Follow the model:

The Romans conquered England in 50 AD. They pushed out the northern borders of their vast empire. → Having conquered England in 50 AD, the Romans pushed out the northern borders of their vast empire.

 

1. The Romans conquered Italy and Egypt. They got control over the Mediterranean Sea.

2. The Romans dominated Greece in 100 BC. They borrowed its political system, architecture, and general culture.

3. The Romans invented waterproof concrete. They built numerous arch bridges, viaducts, and domes.

4. The Romans built a system of aqueducts over the vast empire. They brought fresh water into their houses.

5. Emperor Trajan won glorious victories in the Dacian wars. He ordered the Triumphal Column to be built.

6. Emperor Vespasian built the Colosseum in Rome. He created the first permanent amphitheatre for 50,000 people.

7. Emperor Hadrian designed the Pantheon. He created the greatest domed temple of the ancient world.

8. Emperor Hadrian built a beautiful Villa at Tivoli. He created a true paradise south of Rome.

9. Emperor Constantine completed his Basilica in 312 AD. He made it as large as any Gothic or Renaissance cathedral.

 

 

Task 8. Use the Past Indefinite Tense or the Past Participle of the verbs from the box to complete the text. Some verbs are used more than once.

become conceal create depend develop expose import inspire invent originate promote provide quarry re-establish replace use

The development of construction ___ the growth of well-planned cities all over the vast empire. Roman architecture was more varied and flexible than that of Greece. Greek architecture ___ on the column and ___ a trabeated system. For Greek architects, the exterior design and decoration were superior to the interior space. Roman architects ___ the wall that ___ the load-bearing columns of the Greeks, and ___ the masters of the interior design.

Roman architects ___ concrete, and ___ it for making arches, vaults, and domes. They ___ a system of construction, in which a building was a kind of a shell. The Roman arch-dome-concrete system was a new world in design. The Roman genius for arranging the interior and the exterior space ___ architects of the Renaissance.



Roman architects never ___ the surface of concrete. The Romans always ___ concrete internally by plaster, marble or mosaic, and externally by brick or stone facing. The Romans ___ 3 principal types of facing: "opus incertum" (200–100 BC) – a facing of small stones; "opus reticulatum" (100 BC –

100 AD) – a facing of diagonal stones; "opus testaceum" (mid-100 AD onwards) – a facing of flat bricks or tiles.

Besides concrete, the Romans ___ a variety of stones and marble for structural and decorative purposes. Travertine, hard creamy-grey limestone, was ___ near Tivoli. The quarries in north Italy ___ excellent white marble. Red and grey granite was ___ from Egypt.

Task 9. Match the English word-combinations with their Russian equivalents. Make up 4 sentences with any word-combinations from the list.

 

 

the empire, which had no analogy wise administration to borrow architecture engineering ambitions to carry ideas into practice superb roads perfectly engineered bridges brilliant engineering knowledge construction skill to remain unchallenged to span vast areas the art of planning cities second to none a mosaic-paved atrium a giant domed temple brilliant engineering work picturesque arrangement taste and sophistication a hall with a vaulted ceiling convenient apartment houses градостроительное искусство бесподобный строительное искусство, мастерство великолепная инженерная работа перекрывать огромные пространства огромный купольный храм зал со сводчатым потолком разумное управление живописное расположение осуществлять идеи на практике оставаться непревзойденным империя, не имеющая аналогов заимствовать архитектуру удобные жилые дома вкус и утонченность блестящие инженерные познания инженерные амбиции, честолюбие великолепные дороги мозаичный внутренний двор дома безупречно спроектированные мосты

 

 

Unit 8

Task 1. Read the text and tell about the orders of classical architecture.

 

Orders of Architecture

The first step in architecture was simply the replacement of wooden pillars with stone ones, and the translation of the carpentry and brick structural forms into stone equivalents. This provided an opportunity for the expression of proportion and pattern. This expression eventually took the form of the invention or evolution of the stone "orders” of architecture. These orders, or arrangements of specific types of columns supporting an upper section called an entablature, defined the pattern of the columnar facades and upper works that formed the basic decorative shell of buildings.

The Greeks invented the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders. The Romans added the Tuscan and the Composite.

The oldest order, the Doric, is subdivided into Greek Doric and Roman Doric. The first is the simplest and has baseless columns as those of the Parthenon. Roman Doric had a base and was less massive.

The parts of Greek Doric – the simple, baseless columns, the spreading capitals, and triglyph-metope (alternating vertically ridged and plain blocks) frieze above the columns – constitute an aesthetic development in stone incorporating variants on themes used functionally in earlier wood and brick construction. Doric long remained the favorite order of the Greek mainland and western colonies, and it changed little throughout its history.

The Ionic order evolved later, in eastern Greece. About 600 BC, in Asia Minor, the first intimation of the style appeared in stone columns with capitals elaborately carved floral hoops – an Orientalizing pattern familiar mainly on smaller objects and furniture and enlarged for architecture.

It developed throughout so called Aeolic capital with vertically springing volutes or spiral ornaments to the familiar Ionic capital, the volutes of which spread horizontally from the center and curl downward. The order was always fussier and more ornate, less stereotyped than the Doric. The Ionic temples of the 6th century exceed in size and decoration even the most ambitious of their Classical successors. Such were the temples of Artemis at Ephesus in Asia Minor and the successive temples of Hera on the island of Samos.

The Corinthian order originated in the 5th century BC in Athens. It had an Ionic capital elaborated with acanthus leaves. In its general proportions it is very like the Ionic. For the first time the Corinthian order was used for temple exteriors. Because of its advantage of facing equally in four directions it was more adaptable than the Ionic for corners. There are not many Greek examples of the Corinthian order. The Romans widely used it for its showiness. The earliest known instance of the Corinthian order used on the exterior is the choragic monument of Lysicrates in Athens, 335/334 BC.

A simplified version of Roman Doric is the Tuscan order. It has a less decorated frieze and no mutules in the cornice.

The Composite order is also a late Roman invention. It combines the elements from all the Greek orders.

replacement замена

pillars (столб, колонна, опора)

eventually (в конце концов)

arrangements (расположение)

defined ( определять

pattern ( модель, образец)

shell ( (зд.) оболочка, каркас)

spreading (простирающийся, распространяющийся)

alternating ( чередующийся

ridged ( имеющий борозды, кромки

plain ((зд.) без узора)

evolved (происходить

intimation (указание, сообщение, намек)

elaborately (тщательно (разрабатывать))

carved (резать, вырезать (по дереву или кости); высекать (из камня))

in floral hoops (обруч) –

fussier ( вычурный, аляповатый).

exceed ( превышать, превосходить

advantage ( преимущество

corner угол

 








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