Сделай Сам Свою Работу на 5

Task 3.Match the meanings of these terms with their definitions.





 

entablature, cornice, frieze column architrave, capital, shaft, base

1. A decorative band, usually, but not always, above a doorframe or on the wall near the ceiling._______

2. a structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below. ______

3. The middle part of a column or pier, between the base and the capital _____.

4. The distinctive feature on top of the classical columns, by which different orders can easily be identified. ___________

5. The lowest part of the classical column._________

6. The top section of the entablature in the classical order. Also the top projecting feature of many external and internal walls. The upper most section of moldings along the top of a wall or just below a roof. _________

7. The uppermost member of a column and taking the weight of the entablature ________.

8. The lowest part or lowest main division of a structure. ______

 

Task 4. Choose suitable highlighted words .

1. Greek architecture developed as a trabeated system, in which the column (a vertical member) and the beam (a horizontal member) contrasted with other/each other.

2.It was Greece that produced, in/without doubt, some of the grandest structures in the history of world's culture.

3.With/for Greece mainland and numerous islands, it began as a group of rival city-states

4.The years on/between 800 and 323 BC were the Golden Age of ancient Greece.

5.It was the Greeks who/which added a sense of joy and humor to their structures.

6.It was Greece that/who actually shaped civilization, because people were able to smile and laugh for the first time in history.

7. Between/since the 7th and 5th centuries BC, the ancient Greeks worked out 3 Classical orders – the styles of columns and the forms of decoration.

8. The Parthenon is a marble/stone structure with a timber roof.

9. The Greeks thought mathematics/chemistry to be the basic language of harmony and beauty.



в архитектуре, trabeated систем или заявка (от латинского trabs, балки ) относится к использованию горизонтальных лучей или перемычек , которые принимают вверх колонн или должности. Это противоположно аркообразной системы, которая включает в себя использование арок.

Task 5.Match the left and right parts of the table to make up logical statements.

It was Greek achievements   It was Athens   It was the fifth century BC     It was mathematics   It was a sense of joy   It was the column   It was Pericles   It was the best architects   It was the Parthenon that was the best expression of national character.   that was the zenith in the development of Greek architecture. who designed, built, and decorated the grand Parthenon. that formed the background for Greek architecture. that was pre-eminent that was the basis of perfect Greek architecture. made Greek architecture different. that can be a rewarding exercise.   that was the core of Greek architecture. who started the grand Doric temple in 447 BC.   when architecture, in Athens reached levels of perfection.

Unit 7.

Task 1. Read the text.

 

"ANCIENT ROME: THE MASTER BUILDERS"

 

The Romans were tough, practical, hard-working, and well-organized people. They created an empire, which had no analogy in the Western world either before or after. The Roman genius for organization, planning, and wise administration was demonstrated in the "Lex Romana" (a system of laws), in the "Pax Romana" (peaceful development for more than 150 years) and, especially, in architecture and city planning.



For the Romans, architecture was a more practical affair than it was for the Greeks. The Romans admired Greece and borrowed much of its politics, education, general culture, and architecture. But Rome's engineering ambitions stretched far beyond those of Greece with its grace and elegance. The Greeks had brilliant ideas; the Romans had knowledge and will to carry the ideas into practice. Romans built a wide network of excellent roads and bridges; they gave their cities running water bringing it from hills and mountains 80 km (50 miles) away by a system of aqueducts; they provided public thermal and an extensive sewage system; they built apartment blocks rising up to 6 floors high; they used ventilation and under floor heating systems. It was the Romans who invented waterproof concrete (200 BC) – a mixture of pozzolana, lime, broken stone, and water. The use of this building material went hand in hand with the development of the arch. The use of concrete made the Romans the master builders, and allowed building great domes and spanning vast areas. In general, Rome's brilliant engineering knowledge and construction skill were superior to those of any previous civilization and remained unchallenged for many centuries after the fall of the empire in 476 AD.

Rome's art of planning cities was second to none. Grand cities were being built from Londinium (England) to Leptis Magna (Libya). Roman cities were big and crowded. At the empire's zenith in 200 AD, the population of its capital exceeded 1 million people. Until the great fire of Rome (64 AD), most citizens lived in insula of timber and mud-bricks. After the fire, the Senate law demanded all dwelling houses to have fireproof concrete floors and walls. The Roman insula has become a prototype of city apartment blocks worldwide. Rich families lived in houses built around a mosaic-paved atrium, often with pools and fountains. Such houses have become the basis for courtyard housing construction in European cities ever since.

The Roman Empire was lucky to have emperor-architects, the greatest of them being Vespasian (69–79 AD), Trajan (98–117 AD), and Hadrian (117–138 AD). In 70 AD, Vespasian began the Coliseum, the first permanent amphitheater, as a gift to the city of Rome. His son Titus completed the grand structure 10 years later. The Coliseum housed 50,000 spectators, and its scale of 188 m (616 ft) by 156 m (512 ft) made it absolutely unique. It was 48.5 m (159 ft) high, and consisted of 4 arched tiers. The structure was rather conservative in plan and decoration: the Doric order was used on the lower tier, the Ionic order was built on the 2nd floor, the Corinthian order run along the 3rd level, and the pilasters decorated the top storey. They had no structural meaning and were used purely for decoration. Trajan started the Alcantara Bridge in Spain built by the architect Julius Lacer in 103–106 AD. The bridge still carries a roadway of 194 m



(636 ft) long on 6 massive granite arches of 57 m (170 ft) high above the River Tagus. Trajan was also famous for the 35-m (115-ft) Triumphal Column built in 112 AD to celebrate his victories in the Dacian wars.

Between 118 and 128 AD, Hadrian designed the Pantheon, a giant domed temple dedicated to the gods of 7 planets, and located at the very heart of Rome. It was an impressive building and a brilliant engineering work: its concrete dome of 43.2 m (142 ft) in diameter had been the world's most ambitious structure until the 15th century. The diameter of the Pantheon floor was equal to the height of its dome. The interior was decorated with the best and most expensive colored marble of the empire. Hadrian's Villa (118–134 AD) near Tivoli, a little kingdom south of Rome, was one of the most magnificent and breath-taking projects of the Roman Empire. The picturesque arrangement of palaces, pavilions, theatres, libraries, cascades of canals, fountains, pools, and antique sculpture spread for 7 km of wonderful gardens. Never before had the art of landscape architecture achieved such taste and sophistication.

 

The interior of the Pantheon

 

 

One of the most significant structures of Rome was the basilica originated in 184 BC. It was a great covered building used as a law court, a market, or a public meeting place. The Roman basilica was a rectangular hall with a vaulted ceiling. The hall comprised a nave in the center and aisles on both sides. The nave and the aisles were separated by columns. A semi-circular apse was situated in the east end. The Basilica of Constantine completed in 312 AD was the most significant structure. Its nave was 80 m (262 ft) long, 25 m (82 ft) wide, and 35 m (114 ft) high. It was as large as any Gothic or Renaissance cathedral. In fact, the Roman basilica has become the basis for the Christian church.

As architects of magnificent palaces and grand basilicas, as designers of well-planned cities and beautiful landscape structures, as engineers of arch bridges and water-supply systems, as builders of safe and convenient apartment houses, the Romans were centuries ahead of their time.

Vocabulary

BC "Before Christ" до Христа (до нашей эры)

AD "Anno Domini" ( в год Господа нашего)

tough жесткий

to admire восхищаться

to borrow одалживать

to stretch простираться

grace изящество

thermal and an extensive sewage system- тепловая и обширная канализация

pozzolana -пылевидный продукт, смесь вулканического пепла, пемзы, туфа.

lime известь

 

spanning vast areas охват обширных областей

superior выше

remained unchallenged остался бесспорным

dwelling houses жилые дома

mosaic-paved atrium проложенный мозаикой атриум центральная часть древнеримского и древнеиталийского жилища (домуса), представлявшая собой внутренний световой двор, откуда имелись выходы во все остальные помещения. В современной архитектуре атриумом называется центральное, как правило многосветное, распределительное пространство общественного здания, освещаемое через зенитный световой фонарь или проем в перекрытии

courtyard двор

spectator зритель

tier ряд

pilaster пилястр

sophistication изощренность.

vaulted ceiling сводчатый потолок

to comprise включать

nave неф вытянутое в плане помещение, ограниченное с одной или двух сторон продольным рядом колонн или столбов, выделенная таким образом часть базилики

 

 

 








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