Task 9. Fill in the table. Use one of the words from the table in each space to complete the sentences.

1. US Neo-Classicism was an attempt … in architecture the values of a new-founded republic.

2. The Virginia State Capitol (1785) was the first public building in the … world based on an antique temple.

3. Jefferson used the Palladian Villa Rotonda … his house at Monticello.

4. The … central rotunda of the Virginia University was based on the Roman Pantheon.

5. Benjamin Latrobe was the most … US architect of his time.

6. Latrobe's style was based on the … interpretation of Classical architecture.

7. Latrobe created his early structures in Philadelphia, an important … center and the US capital until 1800.

8. Latrobe was a … engineer of his time: he built the first fireproof structure in America.

9. Benjamin Latrobe was … for the interior … of the US Capitol.

Task 10. Write questions to the answers.

1. In the 1920's.

2. The box-like forms of buildings.

3. Glass, steel, reinforced concrete.

4. Ph. Johnson and H. R. Hitchcock.

5. At the Museum of Modern Art. 6. Three phenomena.

7. Large office buildings.

8. Functional architecture.

9. Technology.

10. Technical foundation.

Unit 14.

Task 1. Read the text.

"ARCHITECTURE FOR THE THIRD MILLENNIUM"

There is one aspect of architecture, which is developing independently of architects – the progress of technology. In the 20th century, technology has advanced dramatically due to new discoveries and innovatory ideas. Fantastic technological achievements have transformed the art and science of building, and actually have fused them.

There have been significant developments in the use of structural materials. The cast-in-place concrete shell has been developed. The geodesic dome, a self-supporting structure that increases in strength as it increases in size, has been invented. The three-dimensional steel space frame for distributing the load evenly in all directions has achieved remarkable sizes. A special kind of glass has been tested and developed for wall cladding. Building materials have been industrialized, so that more components are prefabricated. Traditional structures have been significantly upgraded. In order to resist earthquakes and wind loading at great heights, the traditional high-rise frame has developed hybrid structural forms – the stiff core, the cross-wall, and the braced outer skin.

It is, however, the development of technical services in a building that has made the most fundamental changes in the way structures are designed, built, and used. There have been many attempts to improve the efficiency of using energy and water in buildings; great attention is paid to alternative sources of energy. Social demands made engineers and designers create even more sophisticated technology and develop a greater mastery of materials. Thus, the meaning of the famous triad "commodity, firmness, delight" has been greatly transformed due to contemporary technological progress.

In Europe, the most fashionable style of the late 20th century was High-Tech, developed by 3 major talents – Richard Rogers (b. 1933), Norman Foster (b. 1935), and Renzo Piano (b. 1937). Thanks to Piano and Rogers, Paris received the most radical example of High-Tech architecture – the Pompidou Center (1977). It was a competition-winning design for a modern gallery, a "colorful machine for exhibiting art objects". The idea was to create the maximum possible interior space and place all servicing elements – stairs, lifts, escalators, heating and ventilation equipment – outside the structure.

Norman Foster's buildings: 30 St. Mary Axe, London, 2003; the Hearst Tower, New York, 2006 Norman Foster, who "is obsessed with invention", designed the Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank Headquarters (1986), a High-Tech structure comparable to the most sophisticated aircraft. Foster's mastery of light is evident in a huge glass dome created for the new German Parliament in Berlin in 1999. By the turn of a new century, Foster has become the world's most successful architect and designer, creating major art galleries and museums, corporate headquarters and office buildings, universities and schools, airport terminals and vehicles, bridges and telecommunication towers, furniture and interiors.

Another genius of the turn of the millennium is Santiago Calatrava

(b. 1951), an architect, bridge engineer, designer, sculptor, painter, and University Professor. Calatrava is famous all over the world for his unique buildings and bridges, in which he blends style and strength to create fantastic designs. His TGV Railway Station (1992) for bullet trains in France, known as "the bird", was inspired by Salvador Dali's paintings. His beautiful white bridges built in Spain look like gigantic sailing ships. Dramatically combining architecture, sculpture, and advanced engineering, Calatrava has created elegant and expressive three-dimensional structures, both functional and highly aesthetic. His structural designs are displayed at museums around the world. Calatrava successfully combines architectural practice, social activity, and teaching. Only the adoration of his students and design professionals rivals his popularity with the public.

Buildings by Santiago Calatrava: The Art Museum in Wisconsin, USA, 2001; Turning Torso, Sweden, 2005.In all periods of its long history, architecture has created usable space. Nowadays, contemporary technology allows designers to visualize architectural space that is greater, more original and exciting than at any earlier period. The story of architecture may be just beginning. It is a Great Story about a Great Subject.

Vocabulary

1. cast-in-place concrete бетонная оболочка

2. evenly равномерно

3. wall cladding наружная обшивка стен

4. upgraded. модернизированный.

5. stiff core жесткое ядро

6. braced outer skin. окруженная верхняя оболочка.

7. sophisticated сложный

8. to obsess быть зацикленными

9. bullet trains сверхскоростные пассажирские экспрессы

10. to inspire вдохновить

11. contemporary technology современная технология

Task 2. Choose the correct phrase – a), b), c) – to complete each sentence:

1. The progress of … often develops independently of architects.

a) industry

b) science

c) technology

2. In the 20th century, technology has advanced due to

a) innovatory ideas and inventions.

b) new discoveries and scientific research.

c) new discoveries and innovatory ideas.

3. Fantastic technological achievements have transformed

a) the art of building.

b) architecture.

c) the science of building.

4. … was the most fashionable European style in the late 20th century.

a) Futurism

b) High-Tech

c) Neo-Plasticism

5. The Pompidou Center in Paris was built by

a) Richard Rogers and Norman Foster.

b) Renzo Piano and Norman Foster.

c) Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers.

6. The Pompidou Center was a competition-winning design for

a) a modern cinema.

b) a modern exhibition hall.

c) a modern theatre.

7. The High-Tech Bank Headquarters by Norman Foster look like the most sophisticated

a) bullet train.

b) aircraft.

c) sailing ship.

8. Foster designed the new German Parliament in Berlin

a) in 1977.

b) in 1986.

c) in 1999.

9. The brilliant Spanish designer Santiago Calatrava is famous for his

a) beautiful white bridges.

b) fantastic sculpture.

c) unique buildings and bridges.

10. The Railway Station for bullet trains in France by Calatrava is called

a) "the bird".

b) "the boat".

c) "the dolphin".

11. Calatrava fuses … to create his elegant and expressive structures.

a) architecture and painting

b) architecture and sculpture

c) architecture, sculpture, and advanced engineering

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