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Грамматический справочник
Сводная таблица времен действительного залога
(утвердительная, отрицательная и вопросительная формы)
Infinitive
| Present
| Past
| Future
| Употребление
|
Indefinite
to examine
| I examine
He examines
I do notexamine
He does notexamine
Do you examine?
Does he examine?
| I examined
He examined
I did notexamine
He did notexamine
Did you examine?
Did he examine?
| I (we) shall examine
Hewillexamine
I shall notexamine
He will notexamine
Shall I examine
Will he examine
| Действие обычное, происходит вообще в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем времени.
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Continuous
to be examining
| I am examining
Heisexamining
You are examining
I am notexamining
Areyou examining?
| I was examining
We were examining
I was notexamining
You were not examining
Was he examining?
Were you examining?
| I shall be examining
He will be examining
I shall notbe examining
He will notbe examining
Shall I be examining
Willhe be examining
| Действие происходит, продолжается в определенный момент в настоящем, прошедшем и будущем времени.
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Perfect
to have examined
| I have examined
He has examined
I have notexamined
He has notexamined
Have you examined?
Has he examined?
| I had examined
He had examined
I had notexamined
He had notexamined
Had I examined?
Had he examined?
| I shall have examined
He wilthave examined
I shall nothave examined
He will nothave examined
Shall I have examined?
Will you have examined?
| Действие закончено, совершено к определенному моменту настоящего, прошедшего или будущего времени.
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Perfect Continuous
to have been examining
| I have been examining
He has been examining
I have notbeen examining
He has not been examining
Have I been examining?
Has he been examining?
| I hadbeen examining
He hadbeen examining
I had notbeen examining
He had notbeen examining
Had I been examining?
Had he been examining?
| I shall have been examining
He will have been examining
I shall not have been examining
He will not have been examining
Shall I have been examining?
Will he have been examining?
| Действие началось в прошлом или ранее другого действия и продолжается в определенный момент настоящего, прошедшего или будущего времени, охватывая отрезок времени
| Спряжение глагола to write в Continuous Tenses
To be 4-ing = to be writing
Время
| Утвердительная форма
| Отрицательная форма
| Вопросительная форма
|
Present
| I am writing
He is writing
She is writing
We are writing
You are writing
They are writing
| I am not writing
He is not writing
She is not writing
We are not writing
You are not writing
They are not writing
| Am I writing?
Is he writing?
Is she writing?
Are we writing?
Are you writing?
Are they writing?
|
Past
| I was writing
He was writing
She was writing
We were writing
You were writing
They were writing
| I was not writing
He was not writing
She was not writing
We were not writing
You were not writing
They were not writing
| Was I writing?
Was he writing?
Was she writing?
Were we writing?
Were you writing?
Were they writing?
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Future
| I shall be writing
He will be writing
She will be writing
We shall be writing
You will be writing
They will be writing
| I shall not be writing
He will not be writing
She will not be writing
We shall not be writing
You will not be writing
They will not be writing
| Shall I be writing?
Will he be writing?
Will she be writing?
Shall we be writing?
Will you be writing?
Will they be writing?
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Союзы и союзные слова
Сочинительные союзы:
and и, а;
but но, и;
orили;
as well as так же… как;
not only… but also не только… но и;
both… andи… и;
either or или… или;
neither… nor ни…ни.
not so…asне такой…как;
thanчем;
thoughхотя;
in order thatдля того чтобы;
providedпри условие если;
unlessесли…не;
untilдо тех пор, пока не;
as soon asкак только;
tillдо тех пор пока.
| | afterпосле того как;
sinceс тех пор как;
beforeдо тех пор, пока;
forтак как;
becauseпотому что;
ifесли;
as if, as though как будто/если бы;
lestчтобы не;
as…asтакой же…как и;
| | Подчинительные союзы и союзные слова:
thatчто, который;
whoкто, который;
whoseчей;
whichкоторый;
whenкогда;
whereгде, куда;
howкак;
whyпочему, зачем;
as так как;
Парные союзы both…and, either…or, neither…nor
Русским союзам, как…так; и…и соответствует английский союз both…and:
The patient complained both of a high temperature andof the pain in the chest.
Больной жаловался и (как) на высокую температуру, и (так и) на боль в груди.
Слово both (без and) имеет значение оба:
We bothare students.
Мы оба студенты.
Парный союз either…or в утвердительном предложении переводится или…или, либо…либо:
Either you oryour friend will be on duty tomorrow.
Иливы,иливаш друг будет на дежурстве завтра.
Этот союз может стоять и в отрицательном предложении, тогда он переводится ни…ни:
Either my friend or I will not be on duty tomorrow.
Ния,ни мой друг не будем на дежурстве завтра.
Парный союз neither…norупотребляется в отрицательном предложении, если в нем нет отрицания not,и переводится ни…ни.
Neithermy friend nor I will be on duty tomorrow.
Ния, нимой друг не будем на дежурстве завтра.
Предлоги (Prepositions)
Основные пространственные предлоги
at
местонахождение - где?
у предмета, у лица:
Не is at the window.
(у)
в здании, во время процесса (действия):
Не is at the cinema.
(в)
He is at the lecture.
(на)
| to
движение — куда? no направлению к предмету, к лицу:
Go to the table, please.
(к)
в здание, к месту действия:
Go to the institute.
(в)
Go to the lecture.
(на)
| from
движение — откуда?
удаление от предмета, от лица:
I came back from my friend's at 7 o'clock.
(от)
уход из здания, с места действия:
I come home from the Institute at 4 o'clock.
(из)
He came from the lectures late.
(c)
| in
местонахождение - где? внутри, ограниченного пространства:
I am in the room,.
(в)
| into
движение — куда?
внутрь ограниченного
пространства:
Come into the room, please, (в)
| out of
движение — откуда?
из ограниченного пространства:
I take the book out of my bag.
(из)
| on
местонахождение - где?
на поверхности:
The pen is on the table, (на)
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Временные предлоги
2. At, on, in могут употребляться в качестве временных предлогов.
At употребляется с точным временем:
I get up at 7 a.m. (ante meridiem—до полудня)—Я встаю в 7 часов утра.
I come back at 7 p.m. (post meridiem—после полудня)—Я возвращаюсь в 7 часов вечера.
On употребляется с: а) днями недели и б) календарными датами:
a) on Monday ['m۸ndi] — в понедельник; on Tuesday [‘tju:zdi] — во вторник; б)on the 12th of January — 12-ro января.
In употребляется с названиями: а) месяцев, б) времен года, в) годами и г) частью суток:
a) in January — в январе; б) in winter — зимой; in spring — весной; in summer—летом; in autumn—осенью;
в) in 1980 — в 1980 году; г) in the morning—утром; in the afternoon — после полудня; in the evening—вечером.
Прочие предлоги
Английские
| Их перевод
| Примеры
| предлоги
|
|
|
| about
| о
| about Moscow
| о Москве
| | no
| about the room
| no комнате
| above
| над
| above the table
| над столом
| across
| через
| across the road
| через дорогу
| after
| после
| after2 o'clock
| после двух часов
| against
| против
| against the diseases
| против болезней
| along
| вдоль (по)
| along the street
| вдоль по улице
| | по
| along the arm
| по руке
| among
| среди
| among the students
| среди студентов
| | (многих)
|
|
| around
| вокруг
| around the table
| вокруг стола
| | по
| around the ward
| по палате
| before
| перед
| before dinner
| перед обедом
| | до (раньше)
| before 2 o'clock
| до (раньше) двух часов
| behind
| за (позади)
| behindthe sternum
| за (позади) грудиной
| below
| ниже
| below the liver
| ниже печени
| between
| между
| between the lungs
| между легкими
| | ( двумя)
|
|
| by
| к
| by 2 o'clock
| к двум часам
| | рядом, (у)
| by the window
| у окна (возле) окна
| down
| по вниз
| downthe arm
| вниз по руке
| during
| в течение
| during the lecture
| в течение (во время) лекции
| | во время
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|
| for
| в течение
| for 2 hours
for 2 days
for me
forpeace
forthe grippe
| в течение двух часов
| | на
| на два дня
| | для
| для меня
| | за
| за мир
| | от
| от гриппа
| from... to (till)
| от... до
| from 2 to (till) 4
| от двух до четырех
| inside
| внутри
| inside the abdomen
| внутри брюшной полости
| near
| возле
| nearthe hospital
| рядом с больницей
| | около
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|
| | рядом
|
|
| over
| над
| over the head
| над головой
| | свыше
| over 60 years
| свыше (старше) 60 лет
| since
| с
| since 2 o'clock
| с двух часов , ...
| | с тех пор
| since then
| с тех пор
| through
| через
| through the vessels
| по сосудам
| | по
| through the septum
| через перегородку
| under
| под
| under the diaphragm
| под диафрагмой
| up
| вверх
| up the lower extremity
| вверх по нижней конечности
| within
| в пределах
| within a year
| в течение года
| without
| без
| without the treatment
| без лечения
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Послелоги
В английском языке есть ряд глаголов, которые в сочетании со следующими непосредственно за ними послелогами (наречие, предлоги) приобретают иное значение, например:
to bringпереносить, перевозить – to bring upвоспитывать;
to carryнести, везти – to carry onвести, проводить – to carry outвыполнять.
Таблица неправильных глаголов
Infinitive
| Past Indefinite
| Past Participle
| be [bi:]
| быть
| was [wdz]
| been [bi:n]
|
|
| were [wa:]
|
| bear [Ьез]
| нести;
| bore [bo:]
| born(e) [Ьэ:п]
| beat [bi:t]
| рождать бить
| beat [bUt]
| beaten [*bi:tn]
| become [bi-
| становиться
| became [bi-
| become [Ы'клт]
| 'kAral
|
| ,keim]
| •
| begin [bi'gin]
| начинать
| began [bYgaen]
| begun [Ы'длп]
| bring [brio]
| приносить
| brought [bro:t]
| brought [bn>:t]
| build [bild]
| строить
| built [bilt]
| built [bilt]
| buy [bai]
| покупать
| bought [bo:t]
| bought [bo:t]
| catch [kaetf]
| ловить
| caught [ko:t]
| caught [ko:t]
| choose [tju:z]
| выбирать,
| chose [tjouz]
| chosen ['tjouzn]
|
избирать
|
come [клт]
| приходить
| came [keim]
| come [клт]
| cost [kost]
| стоить
| cost [lost]
| cost [kost]
| cut [KAt]
| резать
| cut [kAt]
| cut [kAt]
| do [du:]
| делать
| did [did]
| done [dAn]
| draw [dn>:]
| тянуть,
| drew [dru:]
| drawn [dn>:n]
|
тащить
|
|
| eaf [i:t]
| есть
| ate [et]
| eaten [,i:tnj
| fall [fo:ll
| падать
| fell [fel]
| fallen [Ъ:1п]
| feed [fi:d]
| кормить
| fed [fed]
| fed [fed]
| feel [fi:l]
| чувствовать
| felt [felt]
| felt [felt]
| fight [fait]
| сражаться
| fought [fo:t]
| fought [fo:t]
| find [famd]
| находить
| found [faund]
| found [faund]
| get [getj
| получать
| got [got]
| got [got]
| give [giv]
| давать
| gave [geiv]
| given [givn]
| go [gou]
| ходить
| went [went]
| gone [дэп]
| grow [grou]
| расти
| grew [gru:]
| grown [groun]
| have [haev]
| иметь
| had [haed]
| had [haed]
| hear [hid]
| слышать
| heard [ha:d]
| heard [ha:d]
| hold [hould]
| держать
| held [held]
| held [held]
| keep [ki:p]
| держать
| kept [kept]
| kept [kept]
| know [nou]
| знать
| knew [nju:]
| known [noun]
| lead [Yv.u]
| вести
| led (led)
| led lied)
| learn [1э:п]
| учиться
| learned [b:nd]
| learned [la:nd]
|
|
| learnt [b:nt]
| learnt [la:nt]
| leave [li:v]
| оставлять
| left [left]
| left [left]
| lie [lai]
| лежать
| lay [lei]
| lain [lein]
| lose [lu:z]
| терять
| lost [lost]
| lost [lost]
| make [meik]
| делать;
| made [meid]
| made [meid]
|
| заставлять
|
|
mean [mi:n]
| означать;
| meant [ment]
| meant [ment]
|
| иметь в виду
|
|
| meet [mi:t]
| встречать
| met [met]
| met [met]
| pay [pei]
| платить
| paid [peid]
| paid [peid]
| put [put]
| класть
| put [put]
| put [put]
| read [ri:d] v
| читать
| read [red]
| read [red]
| Infinitive
| Past Indefinite
| Past Participle
|
| ring Inol
| звонить
| rang [гаэо]
| rung [гло]
|
| rise
| вставать,
| rose [rouz]
| risen I'rizn]
|
|
| подниматься
|
| run
| бегать
| ran [raen]
| run [глп]
|
| say
| сказать
| said Jsedj
| said [sed]
|
| see
| видеть
| saw [so:]
| seen [si:n]
|
| send
| посылать
| sent [sent]
| sent [sent]
|
| show
| показывать
| showed [Joud]
| showed [Joud]
|
|
|
shown [Joun]
|
| sit
| сидеть
| sat [saet]
| sat [saet]
|
| sleep [sli:p]
| спать
| slept [slept]
| slept [slept]
|
| smell [smel]
| пахнуть
| smelled [smeld]
| smelled [smeld]
|
|
smelt [smelt]
| smelt [smelt]
|
| speak [spi:k]
| говорить
| spoke [spouk]
| spoken [spoukn]
|
| spend [spend]
| тратить
| spent [spent]
| spent [spent]
|
| spread [spred]
| распространять
| spread [spred]
| spread [spred]
|
| stand [staend]
| стоять
| stood [stud]
| stood [stud] taken ['teikn]
|
| take [teik]
| брать
| took [tuk]
|
| teach [ti:t;]
| учить
| taught [b:t]
| taught [b:t]
|
| tell [tel]
| рассказывать
| fold [tould]
| fold [tould]
|
| think [Oi0k]
| думать
| thought [0o:t]
| thought [0o:t]
|
| understand
| понимать
| understood
[ Anda'stud] underwent
[^ncb'went]
| understood
|
| [^Anda'staend]
|
|
[ Anda'stud] unaergone [ Anda'gon]
|
| undergo
| подвергаться
|
| [,Anda'gQu]
|
| write [rait]
| писать
| wrote [rout]
| written ['ntn]
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