Why do people take drugs?

Most of ushave taken medicines at some time, either prescribed by a doctor or bought from the chemist. But why do people take drugs when there is no clear medical reason for doing so, in other words, when they do not seem ill?

3. Переведите текст, используя словарь. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы:

1. What is a cataract?

2. How is it usually remedied?

Medford, Oregon. A drug used in Europe as an alternative to surgery for cataracts in the early stages has been approved for experimental use in the United States. European doctors and pharmacologists contend that it is safe and effective means of halting the growth of certain cataracts.

The drug, called bendazac, was patented in the late 1960’s by an Italian physician, Francesco Angelini. In Europe, it has been in general use for more than five years, but there is no anticataract drug approved for use in the United States.

Although cataracts, or clouding of the lenses of the eyes, can often be remedied by surgery, bendazac “is the real hope that there will be a medical solution to cataracts”, said Dr. John Retzlaff, an Oregon ophthalmologist who is one of five physicians conducting US research on the drug.

4. Изучите аннотацию, используя словарь. Скажите на английском языке, в каких случаях применяется данный лекарственный препарат. Сформулируйте инструкцию по его

применению.

DEXONA INJECTION

Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate is a water soluble inorganic ester of dexamethansone.

PRESENTATION:

Each ml. of Dexona Injection 2 ml. Vial contains 4.4 mg of Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate U.S.P. (as the disodium salt) equivalent to 4 mg of Dexamethasone.

PHARMACOLOGY:

Dexamethasone is a synthetic adrenocortical steroid possessing basic glucocorticoid actions and effects. It is among the most active members of its class, being about 25 to 30 times as potent as hydrocortisone. At equivalent anti-inflammatory doses, dexamethasone almost completely lacks the sodium retaining property of hydrocortisone and closely related derivatives of hydrocortisone. Dexona produces rapid response when compared with less soluble preparations. Plasma steroid levels increase noticeably within five minutes after intramuscular or intravenous injection. Dexona is primary used for its potent anti-inflammatory effects in disorders of many organ systems. In addition, it modifies body’s immune response to diverse stimuli.

INDICATIONS:

By the intramuscular or intravenous route:

Allergic states: Bronchial Asthma including status asthmaticus, drug hyper sensitivity reactions, urticarial transfusion reactions, serum sickness, laryngeal oedema, anaphylaxis, contact dermatitis, acute dermatitis, seasonal or perennial allergic rhinitis.

Shock:Injection Dexona is recommended for the adjunctive treatment of shock where high doses of corticosteroids are needed; severe shock or hemorrhagic, traumatic, surgical or septic origin. Treatment with injection Dexona Phosphate is an adjunct to and not a substitute for specific supportive measures that the patient may require e.g. restoration of circulating blood volume, correction of fluid and electrolyte balance, oxygen, surgical measures and antibiotics.

Cerebral oedema:Cerebral oedema associated with primary or metastatic brain tumours, cerebrovascular accidents (acute strokes) involving the cerebral cortex. Also in the pre-operative preparation of patients with increased intracranial pressure secondary to brain tumours and for palliation of patients with inoperable or recurrent brain neoplasm.

Miscellaneous:Primary and secondary adrenocortical insufficiency, military tuberculosis chemotherapy, rheumatoid arthritis, connective tissue disorders, nephrotic syndrome, lymphatic leukemia and other steroid responsive conditions:

By intra-articular or soft-tissue injection: An adjunctive therapy for short-term administration (to support patients during an acute episode or exacerbation) in:

- Synovitis or osteoarthritis

- Rheumatoid arthritis

- Acute and sub-acute bursitis

- Acute gouty arthritis

- Acute nonspecific tenosynovitis

- Post-traumatic osteoarthritis

CONTRAINDICATIONS:

Systemic fungal infections.

ADMINISTARTION AND DOSAGE:By slow intravenous (4 to 5 minutes) or intramuscular injection or by prolonged intravenous infusion, the dosage and the rate of the injection depending essentially on the nature of the case being treated. The duration of the treatment is generally short (1 to 3 days) and is followed by oral therapy. Any infectious syndrome calls for the simultaneous administration of an antibiotic. Generally 1 to 5 ml. (4 mg. to 20 mg.) can be given 3 to 4 times in 24 hours. After initial improvement single dose of 05.ml. to 1 ml. (2 mg. to 4 mg.) is to be repeated if required. The dose of intra-articular and soft tissue or local injection varies from 1/10 ml to 2 ml at intervals varying from 2 to 3 days to 1 to 2 weeks.

PRECAUTIONS:

Drug induced secondary adrenocortical insufficiency may result from too rapid withdrawal of corticosteroids and may be minimized by gradual reduction of dosage. Corticosteroids may mask some signs of infections and new infections may appear during their use. Corticosteroids may activate latent amebiasis.

Therefore, it is recommended that latent or activate amebiasis be ruled out before initiating corticosteroid therapy in any patient who has spent time in the tropics or any patient with unexplained diarrhoea. Prolonged use of corticosteroids may produce posterior subcapsular cataracts and glaucoma with possible damage to the optic nerves and may enhance the establishment of secondary ocular infections due to fungi or viruses.

USAGE IN PREGANANCY:

Since adequate human reproduction studies have not been done with corticosteroids, the use of these drugs in pregnancy, nursing mother or woman of child bearing potential requires that the possible benefits for the drug be weighed against the potential hazards to the mother and embryo or foetus.

ADVERSE RECATIONS:

Fluid and Sodium retention, hypertension, muscle weakness, osteoporosis, peptic ulcer with possible subsequent perforation and hemorrhage, pancreatitis, impaired wound healing, convulsion, increased intracranial pressure with papilloedema (Pseudotumour cerebri) usually after treatment, vertigo, headache glaucoma, development of cushingoid state, menstrual irregularity manifestations of latent diabetes mellitus, negative nitrogen balance due to protein catabolism, hypersensitivity.

Treatments of over-dosage: Anaphylactic and Hypersensitivity reactions may be treated with adrenaline, positive-pressure artificial respiration and aminophylline. The patients should be kept warm and quiet.

PRESENTAION:

In vial of 2 ml.

5. Прочитайте аннотацию и расскажите на английском языке о:

- преимуществах препаратов пенициллиновой группы;

- показаниях к применению биклиноциллина;

- возрастных группах, и ограничениях в дозировках.

BICLINOCILLINE

1,000,000 I.U.

Medium-sustained action:Penicillin can be employed in patients of any age: no lower limits. A penicillin preparations with a rapid and sustained action which ensures effective blood levels for several days.

Indications: In all infectious organisms sensitive to penicillin. Prophylaxis against complications from infectious diseases and relapses of rheumatic fever. Syphilis.

Contra-indications: Allergy to penicillin and cephalosporin antibiotic.

Dosage: Adults: 1 to 2 ampules by injection. Children 1/3 to 1 ampule by injection. Infants: 1/6 to ½ ampule by injection. Strictly by the deep I.M. route. According to the base: 1 injection only. 1 injection per day. 1injection every 2 or 3 days.

Packaging: Bottle of 1,000,000 I.U. containing: Benethamine penicillin 600,000 I.U. Sodium penicillin 400,000 I.U. accompanied with a 3 ml ampule of hypo solution.

6. Прочитайте аннотацию “Polysilane gel” и расскажите на английском языке о:

- свойствах препарата; - показаниях к его применению.

POLYSILANE GEL

A gastric protector

Properties:Major spreading powers: polysilane emulsified in a hydrophilic gel completely covers the gastric mucosa. Resistant to gastric secretions: comparable to an artificial mucosal covering of the gastric epithelium and thereby restores the protection against gastric secretions of the hydrochloric and peptic type, and provides protection against irritating foods and medications.

Indications:Gastritis of any etiology and specifically those from medications, alcohol and tobacco. Gastric burning, esophagitis, heartburn and hiatal hernia.

Dosage: One tablespoonful before each meal, and if necessary, upon pain. The gel has the very agreeable taste mucosa, it reinforces the raspberry jelly. Polysilane gel does not induce constipation and is not radio-opaque.

Packaging: Tube of 170 grams.

Composition: Methyl polysiloxane (polysilane) 15g Sweetened and flavored excipient s.q.f. 100g (Sorbic acid 0.10g: sodium propyl HB, 0.05g).

7. Прочитайте и переведите текст “Choosing an analgesic”, используя следующие слова:

mild - слабый, мягкий

moderate - умеренный

to offer - предлагать

reduce fever - снизить жар

cold and sinus medications - лекарства от простуды и синусита

is unlikely to cause - вряд ли вызовет

to interact - взаимодействовать

blood-thinning medication - лекарство, разжижающее кровь

stroke - инсульт

8. Найдите в тексте информацию о:

- цели применения анальгетиков; - чем аспирин опасен;

- о побочных действиях ацитаминофена; - показания к применению аспирина.

9. Скажите на английском языке, какую информацию вы получили о ацитоминофене и аспирине.

Choosing an Analgesic

Over-the-counter analgesics – Aspirin

medications indicated for the relief of Aspirin has been used for many years

mild-to-moderate pain – represent one to relieve mild-to-moderate pain, and

of the largest categories of to reduce fever. Aspirin can be also

nonprescription medications, and found in many other over-the-counter

therefore offer a wide choice of products. products such as cold and sinus

medications. So be sure to read the

ingredients portion of the label,

especially if your doctor has told you

to avoid a specific ingredient, such as

aspirin.

Acetaminophen About Aspirin

Acetaminophen is used to relief Aspirin can cause stomach irritation

mild-to-moderate pain and reduce and sometimes bleeding. If you have

fever. Acetaminophen can be found in an ulcer, experience bleeding

many over-the-counter cold and sinus disturbances, or are taking an arthritis

medications. or blood-thinning medication, you

should avoid aspirin use. Many

About Acetaminophen… doctors advice their patients to take

Acetaminophen (Extra Strength low-dose aspirin to help reduce the

TYLENOL) is rarely associated with risk of heart attack or stroke. Your

side effects, and is unlikely to cause doctor has chosen this therapy

gastric irritation that can be caused because it has been shown to reduce

by aspirin, aspirin-containing the risk of heart attack or stroke. For

products, or even ibuprofen. Extra the greatest success, your doctor’s

Strength TYLENOL, a single- instructions must be followed closely.

ingredient analgesic, is also less likely Everyday, take only the amount of

to interact with other medications you aspirin your doctor has recommended.

may be taking. Like aspirin and

ibuprofen, acetaminophen can be

found in many over-the-counter cold

and sinus medications. If you are

under your doctor’s care and taking

any medications, prescription and/or

over-the-counter, seek your doctor’s advice.

10. Прочтите и переведите текст "Cardiovascular drugs”, используя словарь. Скажите на английском языке, какие сердечно - сосудистые препараты описаны в тексте.

Cardiovascular drugs.

These drugs may be divided into three groups: drugs that affect the heart; drugs that affect blood pressure; and drugs that prevent blood clotting.

Drugs That Affect the Heart. Drugs may affect the heart in two major ways: changing the rate and forcefulness of the heartbeat and altering the rhythm of the heartbeat.

The most common drugs used to change the rate and forcefulness of the heartbeat are the digitalis glycosides (cardiac glycosides). These drugs are used to treat patients with heart failure (when the heart is not contracting with sufficient force). Most of the digitalis glycosides are obtained from the leaf of the digitalis (foxglove) plant, either as a crude mixture or as the purified glycoside from the leaf of the plant.

The important effects of the digitalis glycosides are the strengthening of the myocardium (heart muscle) and the slowing of the rate of contraction of the heart. Examples of digitalis glycosides are: digitalis, digoxin, and digitoxin.

Other drugs, which belong to the general class of sympathomimetics, are used to increase heart rate and the force of contraction. These include isoproterenol and epinephrine.

Drugs used to correct abnormal heart rhythm are called antiarrhythmics.Examples of these drugs are quinidine, procainamide, lidocaine (Xylocaine), and propranolol. These drugs help restore the heart rhythm to a regular cycle by depressing ectopic (outside, unwanted) myocardial impulses. Quinidine comes from the bark of the cinchona tree and is the primary drug used to treat arrhythmias. Quinidine decreases the number of times the heart muscle can contract in a given period of time. The cocaine derivatives procainamide and lidocaine (Xylocaine) are also useful in controlling abnormal cardiac rhythms.

Drugs That Affect Blood Pressure. Vasodilatorsare drugs which relax the muscles of vessel walls, thus increasing the size of blood vessels. These drugs are used in treating blood vessel diseases, heart conditions, and high blood pressure (hypertension). Blood flows more freely and blood pressure falls as blood vessels open and become dilated. Examples are sympatholytics (reserpine, guanethidine, and alpha-methyldopa) and other agents such as hydralazine.

Nitrites are drugs which are also used as vasodilators. Examples of nitrite drugs are glyceryl trinitrate (nitroglycerin) and amyl nitrite. Nitroglycerin dilates all smooth (involuntary) muscles in the body, but has a greater effect on the muscles of the coronary blood vessels. The relaxation of the muscle fibers around the blood vessels of the heart increases the width of these heart vessels and increases blood flow to the heart muscle. The pain (angina pectoris) caused by a lack of adequate blood flow to the heart is relieved by placing nitroglycerin under the tongue; from there the drug is quickly absorbed into the bloodstream. The other nitrite drugs work in a manner similar to that of nitroglycerin. A third type of drug used to lower blood pressure is called a diuretic, an agent which promotes excretion of fluid and a shrinkage of the volume of blood within the vessels. An example of this type of drug is chlorothiazide (Diuril).

Vasoconstrictors are drugs which constrict muscle fibers around blood vessels and narrow the size of the vessel opening. They may act directly on the muscles of blood vessels or stimulate a region in the brain which relays the message to the vessels. Vasoconstrictors are needed to raise blood pressure, increase the force of heart action, and stop local bleeding. Examples of vasoconstrictor drugs are epinephrine (adrenaline), vasopressin, and Aramine (metaraminol).

Drugs That Prevent Blood Clotting. These drugs are called anticoagulants. They are used to prevent the formation of clots in veins and arteries. These clots may cause occlusion (thrombosis) of the blood supply to a vital organ, such as the brain, or may travel from their point of origin to a new site and produce a sudden occlusion of a distant organ (embolism).

Anticoagulant drugs. Heparin is an anticoagulant chemical substance found normally in human cells in the liver and lung. However, heparin can be made synthetically for commercial preparations by extracting it from the lungs of animals. When given intravenously or intramuscularly, heparin prevents the formation of clots within vessels.

11. Прочтите и переведите текст, используя словарь и комментарии к тесту. Найдите в

тексте ответы на следующие вопросы:

1. Why do many addicts get money in a dishonest way?

2. When does infection get into the bloodstream? How?

3. What can “sniffing” addicts damage?

4. What does treatment of drug addiction depend on?

Drug addiction

Treatment of drug addiction depends partly on what drug the person is addicted to, because it is not safe to withdraw some drugs suddenly. Whether drug addicts can break the habit completely also depends on their personality and lifestyle and on how much support they have from other people. However, treatment nearly always aims to stop the drug-taking completely. It starts either by gradually cutting down or by suddenly withdrawing the drug. Either of these methods is always very difficult for an addict. At this stage they always need a great deal of comfort and help. Occasionally a doctor prescribes small amounts of a medicine similar to the drug the person is addicted to. This method prevents withdrawal symptoms and is safer for the addict. However, it is normally only used with older addicts for whom other methods have failed.

Nick is now 19. He left school at 16 with three GCSEs (examinations for General Certificate of School Education) and was accepted on a YTS training scheme at a large garage. The YTS year went very well and Nick was given a full time job as a trainee motor mechanic.

Suddenly there was more money in his pocket at the end of the week and Nick started going out to discos and clubs with his girlfriend Linda. He found it very difficult to lead a full social life and hold down his hard-won job. Linda was out of work and could sleep all day.

Some of Linda's friends introduced Nick to speed which he could afford now he had a job. It seemed to be the answer to all his problems and gave him a real lift after a late night or a heavy day at work. But after about six months Nick found that he needed speed not only to give him a lift but also just to get through the day.

One of Linda's friends was a pusher and he suggested that Nick really needed something stronger like heroin. At first he was worried and refused it but he met lots of 'happy' customers who all said that all the talk about 'H' was really silly and that the oldies were against it because they didn't want you to enjoy yourself.

Nick was convinced and started 'shooting up'. Heroin was much more expensive than speed and he couldn't afford to buy as much as he needed. The only way to pay for it was to take money from his boss. Heroin also started to affect Nick's personality. Instead of his usual easy-going, helpful self he became slow and listless. Eventually, his employer found him stealing money and, already dissatisfied with his work, he gave him the sack and told the police.

The long term effects of dependence are usually shown on films or television as being very unpleasant and often associated with a criminal life. This kind of life is usually caused partly by the drugs which are being taken and partly by other factors. The drugs sometimes change addicts' behaviour so that they no longer take care of themselves, for example, they stop eating properly or washing. In addition the cost of buying enough drugs to avoid withdrawal symptoms can mean that an addict has to get money dishonestly.

Taking drugs can cause other health hazards. Addicts who inject themselves may become careless about hygiene and use dirty needles and syringes. They are then more likely to introduce infections into their bloodstreams. Addicts who sniff substances can easily damage the delicate inner lining of the nose, and some even manage to destroy the hard tissue in between the two nostrils. They can also damage their kidneys, liver and central nervous system.

Two weeks later Nick's parents' house was busted. His parents couldn't believe what had happened and threw him out. Without a job or home, Nick wandered about sleeping rough and in hostels for two weeks before deciding to go to a doctor to get help. The doctor referred him to a special center where he is now having treatment.

Комментарии к тесту

to be addicted to

to sniff substances

to break the habit

to shoot up

speed

pusher - торговец наркотикам

to give sb the sack - уволить

to sleep rough - ночевать под открытым небом

12. Прочтите и переведите текст “ How does a medicine or drug act on the body", используя словарь и комментарии к тесту. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы:

1. What were many drugs and medicines produced for?

2. What controls chemical reactions in our bodies?

3. How do antibiotics work?

4. Are there any drugs for incurable diseases?

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