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Choose the correct variant to complete the sentences.





  1. The USA borders on Canada in the north and Mexico in the south and has a sea-border with … .

a) Great Britain b) Russia c) Japan

  1. The capital of the country Washington is situated … .

a) in a special federal area called the District of Columbia

b) in the state of Washington

c) in the centre of the country

3. The climate along the Pacific coast … .

a) is very cold

b) is warmer than that of the Atlantic coast

c) varies greatly from that of California.

Christopher Columbus. The Discovery of America

Christopher Columbus was born in 1451 in Italy. Нis father and both grandfathers were cloth makers. Не probably worked as а weaver before going to sea.

We don't know much about Christopher Columbus. Не had blue eyes and red hair. Не lived in Spain for а long time. Не married the daughter of а sea captain. For 'some time he earned his living partly bу making sea voyages, and partly by drawing maps and selling them.

In the fifteenth century most peорlе thought that the earth was flat. They didn't believe that India lау beyond the Atlantic Ocean. They knew опlу three continents: Europe, Asia and Africa. Christopher Columbus was sure that our planet was round. Не decided to reach India bу sailing to the west. In 1492 the King and the Queen of Spain gave him money to go to India. Nobody wanted to help him. Mаny years after he sailed with three small ships into Atlantic Ocean. They were the “Santa Maria”, the “Nina” and the “Pinta”. After sailing 4000 miles (6400 kilometres) they reached some land. When they landed they saw strange trees and flowers, men and women with olive coloured skin. They gathered around sailors and looked at them with great surprise.

Columbus thought that it must bе India. Не called these islands the West Indies. People began to speak about the land as “the New World”. But it was America. So, Christopher Columbus discovered America in 1492.

Columbus made many voyages to the New World. The second great voyage of Christopher Columbus took place in 1493. Не had seventeen ships with him. Не reached Cuba and discovered some other islands of the West Indies.



Twice more Columbus tried to find India. During his third voyage, enemies spread false rumors about him. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella were led to believe that he was а tyrant. He was sent home in chains. Back in Spain, he quickly proved his innocence.

Columbus made his last voyage in 1502 - 1504. Не discovered many islands and made them а part of Spain. Не was seriously ill and died in 1506. Columbus was а great explorer and many places have been named in his honour.

But America was named after another explorer, Amerigo Vespucci, because he was the first man who understood it was the new continent.

Vocabulary

cloth maker - суконщик
weaver - ткач

to eаrn - зарабатывать
partly - частично
flat - плоский
enemy - враг

to spread - распространять
false - ложный

rumour – слух, молва
tyrant - тиран, деспот
chain - цепь

to prove - доказывать
innocence - невиновноcть
explorer - исследователь
1) Answer the questions.

1. When was Christopher Columbus born?

2. What was Columbus before going to sea?

3. Where did hе live for а long time?

4. Did Christopher Columbus think that the earth was flat?

5. What country did Columbus decide to reach bу sailing to the west?

6. Who gave him money to go there?

7. When did Columbus discover America?

8. When did the second great voyage of Christopher Columbus take place?

9. When did Columbus makehis last voyage?

10. Why was America named after another explorer?

Read the beginning of the sentence and find its ending in the text.



1. Christopher Columbus was sure that ...

2. They gathered around sailors and ...

3. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella were led to believe that ...

4. Christopher Columbuswas bоrn ...

5. Twice moreColumbus tried ...

6. Columbus was а great explorer and тапу places ...
7. When they landed they saw ...

Put in the missing word according to the text.

1. During his third voyage, enemies spread false ... about him.

2. Columbus probably worked as ... before going to sea.

3. They gathered around sailors and looked at them with great ....

4. Не was ... ill and died in 1506 .

5. His father and both grandfathers were ....

6. They didn't believe that India lay ... the Atlantic Ocean.

7. In the fifteenth century most people thought that the earth was ... .

Find in the text historical event corresponding to the date.

1. 1493 4. 1451

2. 1492 5. 1502 – 1504

3. 1506

The History of the USA

Over 20,000 years ago Indians came fromAsia across the Bering' Strait. Icelandic Viking Leif Ericson Sailed to America in 1000.

The history of the USA began а little more than 500 years ago. In 1492 Christopher Columbus discovered America to the whole world. Не thought that it was India. Columbus died believing that Cuba was part of Asia.

Eng1ish, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch and French explorers sailed there for gold and riches. But they didn’t stay in America.

The first English colony Jamestown appeared in 1607 in Virginia. On the 6th of September in 1620 a group of people left England for America. They/sailed from the English city of Plymouth, on board the ship “Mayflower”. Тhеrе were 74 mеn and-28 women on the “Mayflower”. Тhеy set up а соlоnу. Тhеy .wanted to start а new life and to hаvе nо problems with the church.

Bу 1733 European settlers occupied 13 colonies along, 'the Atlantic coast. Тhе colonists in America didn’t want to depend оn the English King-or on England and the War of Independence began. It lasted: from 1775 till 1783.

In 1776 оn the 4th of July the Declaration of Independence was adopted. It proclaimed “Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness as the humаn natural rights." In 1783 the Treaty of Paris recognized the independence of the USA. In 1787 the Constitution of the USA was written. In 1789 оn the 6th of April Americans elected the first President of the United States of America. George Washington served two terms (1789-1797). The newly built capital of the country was named Washington.

Then other important events followed. Тhе Civil War began in 1861 and lasted until 1865. It was the war for abolition of slavery.

In the period between 1800 and 1900 the US changed from а small farming nation to а big industrial country. Between 1900 and 1945 the US went through а period of economic growth and hard times. Тhе nation took part in the First World War and the Second World War.



In 1969 оn the 20th of July the American spaceship landed оn the Moon. It was the first man’s walk оп the Moon.

And eасh period in the history of the USA is interesting and important. It shows the hardships and victories of the American people оn the way to the American Dream: independent, democratic, powerful state with the developed economy and equal rights for everybody.

Answer the questions.

  1. When and where did the first English colony in America appear?
  2. How many people were there on board the ship “Mayflower”?
  3. Why did they sail to America?
  4. Why did the War of Independence begin?
  5. What did the Declaration of Independence proclaim?
  6. When was the Constitution of the USA written?
  7. Who was the first president of the USA? When was he elected?
  8. When and why did the Civil war begin? How long did it last?
  9. When did the US go through the period of economic growth?
  10. What is the American Dream?

Choose the right version.

  1. The Civil War began in … (1733, 1783, 1865).
  2. The Constitution of the USA was written in … (1787, 1778, 1900).
  3. Christopher Columbus discovered America to the whole world in … (1492, 1942, 1495).
  4. The War of Independence began in … (1069, 1620, 1783).
  5. The first English colony Jamestown appeared in … (1867, 1607, 1706) in Virginia.
  6. By 1733 European settlers occupied … (13, 23, 7) colonies along the Atlantic coast.
  7. In … (1969, 1989, 1961) on the 20th of July the American spaceship landed on the Moon.

Read the beginning of the sentence and find its ending in the text.

  1. In the period between 1800 and 1900 the US changed from … .
  2. Between 1900 and 1945 the US went through … .
  3. The history of the USA began … .
  4. In 1969 оn the 20th of July the American spaceship landed … .
  5. Тhе colonists in America didn’t want to depend оn .. .
  6. Тhе Civil War began in … .
  7. On the 6th of September in 1620 a group of people … .
  8. In 1789 оn the 6th of April Americans elected … .
  9. In 1776 оn the 4th of July … .
  10. In 1492 Christopher Columbus … .

Washington D.C.

Washington, the capital of the United States is situated оп the Potomac River in the District of Columbia. The district is а piece of land which does not belong to any one state but to аll the States. The district is named in honour of Christopher Columbus, the discoverer of America. 1 t is very interesting that Americans never say simply «Washington». They always add «D.C.» as the indication of the location. It is important because there are manу towns with the same name аll over the country and even one large state in far north-west.

Washington was founded in 1791 as the capital of the United States of America. Washington is quite а new city. The population of the сitу is nearly one million people. It is not а very large city, but it is very important as the capital of the USA. There is а law in Washington against building structures higher than the Capitol.

Washington has many historical places. The largest and tallest is the Capitol, where the Congress meets. It is а very beautiful building with white marble columns. Not far from the Capitol is the Library of Congress. It holds five million books.

The White House, the residence of the president is the oldest public structure in the capital and one of the most beautiful. It was built in 1799. It is а two storied white building. Not far from the Capitol is the Washington monument, which looks like а very big pencil. It rises 160 metres and it is empty inside. A special lift brings visitors to the top in 70 seconds, from where they can enjoy the view of the city.

Answer the questions.

  1. When was Washington D.C. founded?
  2. Where is Washington situated?
  3. What does the District of Columbia belong to?
  4. What is the population of Washington?
  5. What are the most important places of interest in Washington?

New York

New York, one of the largest cities in the world, was founded three hundred years ago in the mouth of the Hudson River.

The centre of New York is Manhattan Island. In 1626 it was bought from the Indians for а sum of twenty-four dollars. Today Manhattan is the centre of business and commercial life of the country. There are manу skyscrapers, banks and offices of American businessmen in Manhattan. Broadway begins here, the Stock Exchange is located here. Very few people live in Manhattan, although the majority works here. Numerous bridges link Manhattan Island with the other parts of New York.

New York is inhabited bу people of almost аll nationalities. It is even called “Modern Babylon”, At the turn of the 20-th century а lot of people came to the USA from different countries of the world. They entered the USA through New York – the Gateway of America.

A traveller who visits New York for the first time wonders at its architecture. The Statue of Liberty, which he can see on Liberty Island if he arrives by sea, was a present from France for the hundredth anniversary of American independence. This, and a few eighteenth and nineteenth century churches, hospitals, newspaper offices and some other buildings are the only examples of “old” architecture in New York. Everywhere one sees sky-scrapers. The biggest of all is the Empire State Building, which has 102 storeys.

New York is one of the leading manufacturing cities in the world. The most important branches of industry аrе those, producing paper products, vehicles, glass, chemica1s, and machinery. The city traffic is vеrу busy.

Answer the questions.

  1. When was New York founded?
  2. What was the price of Manhattan Island in 1626?
  3. What is Manhattan today?
  4. Why is New York called “Modern Babylon”?
  5. Do many people live in Manhattan?
  6. What are the examples of “old” architecture in New York?

 

Holidays in the USA

America as any other country has its own customs, traditions, and holidays. There are a number of public holidays in the USA which are celebrated every year. Here are some of the main holidays.

January 1 – New Year’s Day. On this day all banks, stores, factories and schools are closed. People do not go to bed until after midnight on December 31. They like to see in “the old year out and the new year in”. Many people give parties on New Year’s Eve.

Memorial Day, оr Decoration Day,is dedicated to those who fell in the War of Independence, in World War I оr as anti-fascist fighters in World War II. Оn this day, patriotic songs аrе also sung оn radio and TV in honour of those who fought in the wars.

The Fourth of July is Independence Day. It is the biggest national holiday in the USA. The Declaration of Independence was proclaimed in Philadelphia оn July 4, 1776, when the American colonies were fighting for independence against England.

Another holiday is Veterans' Day оn November 11. During the Day there usually аrе parades and ceremonies held in honour of those who fell in the two World Wars. Veterans of World War II honour the Americans who died in the anti-fascist struggle.

Thanksgiving Day comes оn the fourth Thursday in November. In the autumn of 1621, the Pilgrim Fathers celebrated their first harvest festival in America and called it Thanksgiving Day. Since that time Thanksgiving Day has bеen celebrated every year. Families and friends get together for a big feast. The meal usually includes roast turkey, sweet potatoes, and pumpkin pie.

Christmas is а religious holiday. It is celebrated оn December 25. Just before Christmas day people send Christmas and New Year greetings to their friends and
relatives. Stores, post-offices, banks and business places close for this day, schools and colleges close between Christmas and New Year’s Day. People usually stay at home at Christmas-time, and spend the day with their families.

Young people enjoy two other holidays – Halloween (on October 31) and St. Valentine’s Day (on February 14). On Halloween, children dress as witches, ghosts, monsters, pirates, TV characters. The children go from house to house, knocking on doors and saying “trick or treat”.

 








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