Skim the text to answer the questions.

1. What kind of power did Britain have to edge its rivals at home and abroad?

2. What caused dramatic productivity growth?

3. What did the period from the late 18th century to the mid-Victorian years witness?

4. What was greatly improved?

5. In which way was the role of government transformed?

6. What did some regions concentrate on?

7. How did industrialization alter the lives of women and children?

8. What else did industrialization affect?

Summarize the main idea of the text in 8-10 sentences.

Now read the last text of Unit I. It tells about some other interesting features of Victorian economy.

New consumers

Demand for goods fuelled the Victorian economy. Though British manufactures dominated European and transatlantic markets, domestic demand provided a secure bedrock for mid-Victorian prosperity. Increased demand resulted from rising incomes particularly for the middle classes and for workers with particular skills such as engineering. Demand was also driven by the sheer increase in numbers of consumers. This was a product of the population explosion and coupled with greater wage dependency, landlessness and urbanization. Increased wage earning opportunities for women and juveniles boosted family spending, notably in textile districts and in the towns. More people were buying a greater variety of textiles, clothing, shoes, household and domestic items - on their list was china, cutlery, mirrors, books, clocks, furniture, curtains and bedding, as well as a variety of small wares, such as buckles, ribbons, buttons, snuff boxes and other fancy goods. More beer, butter, bread, milk, meat, vegetables, fruit, fish and all other foodstuffs were now being bought rather than made or grown at home.

It has been argued that this 'consumer revolution' from the later 18th century and into the Victorian period was also driven by social emulation. This was where each social class aspired to the habits and patterns of consumption of their superiors. This is difficult to substantiate but in a period of social flux and transformation there is no doubt that clothing, personal and household possessions were important ways of communicating one's position in society. Ever-changing fashions and designs also stimulated demand whilst new forms of marketing and retailing made products more easily available to the consumer. This was manifest in the growth of urban and village shops, the use of shop window displays, the development of city department stores (from the 1880s), and the extension of newspaper and billboard advertising.

25. Which of the following statements are true/false according to the text? Correct the false sentences:

26. Find in the text English equivalents for the following:

27. Translate into Russian:

28. Find in the text the antonyms for the following words:

Skim the text to answer the questions.

1. Why did domestic demand provide a secure bedrock for mid-Victorian prosperity?

2. What did the increased demand result from?

3. What did the increased wage earning opportunities boost?

4. What was the period of social flux and transformation characterized with?

5. What did the ever-changing fashions and designs also stimulate?

Summarize the main idea of the text in 8-10 sentences.

UNIT II

HOW IT ALL STARTED

The end of the 18th century witnessed some of the most profound political changes in British history. These changes included the loss of the American colonies in 1776 after a seven-year war and the revolutions in agriculture and industry.

The Industrial Revolution is the name given to the period beginning in the second half of the 18th century in which industry was transformed from hand-work at home to machine-work in factories. The driving force behind this development was the increase in population and the consequent increase in demand for products. This was only made possible, however, by a series of inventions such as the steam-engine.

The Industrial Revolution in Victorian Britain entered its second stage: new industries were developed, new factories were built, and Britain’s products were exported all over the world. Andit was duringQueen Victoria's reign that Britain became known as «the workshop of the world».

Life in the new factories and towns was one terrible hardship. Men, women, and children worked fifteen or sixteen hours a day in dangerous, unhealthy conditions for poor wages and lived in dirty slums.At the same time, the working classes were becoming organized. In the last quarter of the century, there was a massive increase in trade unionism. Parliament was forced to come to terms with the new social conditions. The Reform Act of 1832, which granted the franchise to tenants of land, was followed by other urgently needed social reforms: the creation of the police force; free compulsory education (1870); legal recognition of trade unions.

World War I was followed by a period of severe hardship. It was a time of great social unrest and mistrust between the various classes. Unemployment was high, wages low and there were numerous strikes, including a General Strike in 1926 by all the unions in an unsuccessful attempt to stop the owners of the coalmines cutting miners' wages.

The Great Depression of the 1930s actually began with the collapse of the American financial markets (the Wall Street crash) in 1929. In" Britain unemployment reached huge proportions: over three million people, out of a total workforce of 14 million, were out of work.

World War II had cost Britain more than a quarter of its national wealth. After the war the Labor government, using the planning experience gained during the war, nationalized the railways and the coal, steel, shipbuilding, gas and electricity industries, and extended the social services provided by the state to include such things as insurance against unemployment, sickness and old age, and free medical care for everyone (NHS, National Health Service). This legislation came to be known as the Welfare State.

There then followed a period of economic growth and prosperity. During the 1950s, there was a period of massive growth in the private sector, above all in the newer industries, particularly car and aircraft production, and wages increased by 40%.Most families could now afford a car, fridge, and a television set, and people began to talk of an affluent society.By the start of the 1960s, however, production was beginning to slow, while wages and prices continued to rise.

The main problems faced by the Government were economic, and it adopted the severest measures, including wage freezes and a 14% devaluation of sterling, in an unsuccessful attempt to overcome the difficult economic situation. And it was not until the International Monetary Fund began a rescue operation at the end of 1976 that a dramatic recovery got underway. This recovery was also dueto the high levels of oil production reached in the North Sea.

Margaret Thatcher — the Iron Lady, as she was called — was elected Prime Minister in 1979, and the Thatcher «revolution» started and dominated the decade. Budgets throughout the 1980s have reduced income tax, and state-owned facilities such as water and British Gas have been handed over to voters. Britain has enjoyed great possessions of knowledge, wealth, and communications. Mrs. Thatcher once said she wanted Britain to make a return to Victorian values. In many respects, the country has. Most significant is Mrs. Thatcher's creation of a new breed of Briton. Using the driving forces of greed and selfishness,Mrs. Thatcher appealed to many voters for the simple reason that they wanted more money in their pockets, more home ownership, more of everything. And after a decade of Thatcherism people have really become better off.

Vocabulary

Vocabulary exercises

1. Which of the following statements are true/false according to the text? Correct the false sentences:

2. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text:

1. At the end of the 18th century, there were the most ______changes in British history.

2. These changes included ______ in 1776 after a seven-year war and the revolutions in ______.

3. The industry was transformed from ______ at home to ______ in factories.

4. The driving force behind this development was the ______ in population.

5. Britain's products were ______ all over the world.

6. Unemployment was high, wages low and there were numerous ______.

7. The Great Depression of the 1930s actually began with the ______ of the American financial markets (the Wall Street crash) in 1929.

8. And it was not until the ______ began a rescue operation at the end of 1976 that a dramatic recovery got underway.

9. Margaret Thatcher was elected _____ in 1979, and the Thatcher «revolution» started and dominated the decade.

10. Mrs. Thatcher once said she wanted Britain to make a return to ______.

3. Fill in the table with the data from the text:

4. Find in the text English equivalents for the following:

5. Translate into Russian:

6. Fill in the gaps with the proper words and phrases:

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