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UNIT 1. Renewable energy sources





Возобновляемые источники энергии

RENEWABLES

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ

 

к практическим занятиям по дисциплине

«Иностранный язык» для студентов I курса

Политехнического института

специальности 20.03.01 «Техносферная безопасность»

дневной формы обучения

 

 

Севастополь


УДК [811.111’ 24:62] (076)

81.2 Англ-923

В 64

 

Возобновляемые источники энергии = RENEWABLES. Методические указания к практическим занятиям по дисциплине «Английский язык» для студентов I курса факультета Политехнического института

специальности «Техносферная безопасность» дневной формы обучения/Сост. Л.В. Меркулова. – Севастополь: Изд-во СГУ, 2015. – 56с.

 

Методические указания предназначены для практических занятий студентов 1 курса специальности «Техносферная безопасность» дневной формы обучения. Целью данных методических указаний является активизация и совершенствование речевых умений и навыков в процессе изучения профессионально-ориентированных текстов, умений и навыков перевода оригинальной литературы. В каждом уроке представлен текст, лексико-грамматические упражнения на закрепление материала урока и задания, развивающие и помогающие совершенствовать коммуникативные навыки.



 

Методические указания утверждены на заседании кафедры романской и германской филологии (протокол №7 от 25.06.15г.).

 

Допущено учебно-методическим центром и научно-методическим советом СГУ в качестве методических указаний.

 

Рецензент: Клепикова Т.Г., доцент кафедры «Романская и германская филология» СГУ.

 


Содержание

 

Введение…………………………………………………………………4

Unit 1. Renewable energy sources………………………………………5

Unit 2. Wind energy…..…………………………………………………9

Unit 3. Solar energy………………………………………………………13

Unit 4. Geothermal energy..……………………………………………..16

Unit 5. Biomass…………………………………………………………20

Unit 6. Hydropower.……………………………………………………25

Unit 7. Energy technologies and their impact on the environment ……29

Unit 8. Climate change and energy .……………………………………33

Test exercises……………………………………………………………37

Краткий грамматический справочник………………………………40

Библиографический список……………………………………………52



 


Введение

Данные методические указания предназначены для студентов 1 курса специальности «Техносферная безопасность» дневной формы обучения.

Целью данных методических указаний является:

- развитие у студентов умений и навыков речевой деятельности (чтение, говорение, аудирование);

- изучение лексического материала по специальности;

- повторение и закрепление пройденного грамматического материала;

- развитие коммуникативных навыков и умений.

Методические указания состоят из 8 уроков. Каждый урок состоит из следующих разделов:

- Comprehension reading включает в себя аутентичный текст с блоком новых лексических единиц, содержащих терминологию по специальности и слова и выражения из общей лексики, послетекстовые упражнения на понимание содержания текста, а также упражнения для развития навыков устной диалогической и монологической речи;

- Vocabulary exercises включает в себя упражнения на расширение активного словаря студента;

- Grammar exercises включает в себя упражнения на повторение и закрепление пройденного грамматического материала;

- Tasks for individual work включают в себя задания для самостоятельной работы студента с последующей проверкой в ходе аудиторных занятий.

В конце методических указаний представлены тестовые задания для индивидуальной проверки знаний учащихся.

Методические указания дополнены кратким грамматическим справочником, призванным помочь студентам в процессе выполнения грамматических упражнений.

 


UNIT 1. Renewable energy sources

COMPREHENSION READING

Task 1.Read the following words and word combinations paying attention to the correct pronunciation, write them down and learn by heart.



To combat – бороться

Fossil fuel – ископаемое топливо

To switch to smth. – переключаться на

Appropriate – подходящий, соответствующий

Conventional – традиционный, обычный

Environmental issues to be considered – экологические проблемы, которые надо рассмотреть

To identify – обозначать, указывать

Response – ответ

To evaluate – оценивать

Disastrous – бедственный

To run out of – кончаться, иссякать

To consume – потреблять, расходовать

Rate – скорость

According to – в соответствии с

To seize – прекращать

To release – выбрасывать, извергать

Wastes – отходы

To reckon – полагать, считать, рассматривать

To inquire into – исследовать

Sustainable – стабильный

Task 2. Read and translate the text, define its main idea.

To combat global warming and the other problems associated with fossil fuels, the world must switch to renewable energy sources like sunlight, wind, and biomass. All renewable energy technologies are not appropriate to all applications or locations, however. As with conventional energy production, there are environmental issues to be considered. This paper identifies some of the key environmental impacts associated with renewable technologies and suggests appropriate responses to them. A study by the Union of Concerned Scientists and three other national organizations, America's Energy Choices, found that even when certain strict environmental standards are used for evaluating renewable energy projects, these energy sources can provide more than half of the US energy supply by the year 2030. Today the situation in fuel and industrial complexes round the world is disastrous. Current energy systems depend heavily upon fossil and nuclear fuels. What this would mean is that we would run out of mineral resources if we continue consuming non-renewables at the present rate, and this moment is not far off. According to some estimates, within the next 200 years most people, for instance, seize using their cars for lack of petrol (unless some alternatives are used). Moreover, both fossil and nuclear fuels produce a great amount of polluting substances when burnt. We are slowly but steadily destroying our planet, digging it from inside and releasing the wastes into the atmosphere, water and soil. We have to seize vandalizing the Earth and seek some other ways to address the needs of the society some other way. That’s why renewable sources are so important for the society. In fact, today we have a simple choice – either to turn to nature or to destroy ourselves. I have all reasons to reckon that most of people would like the first idea much more, and this is why I’m going to inquire into the topic and look through some ways of providing a sustainable future for next generations.

Task 3.Give the full answers to the following questions according to the text.

1) What environmental problems do we face today? 2) Is there any way to provide people with energy without destroying our planet?

Task 4. Decide whether the given statements are true or false. You may use any of the following phrases:

That is true/that’s not true

I agree with this statement/I can’t agree with it

The information is correct /the information is false

There is no mistake in this statement /there is a mistake in this statement

1) To combat global warming people should switch to non-renewable energy sources. 2) Modern energy systems don’t depend upon fossil and nuclear fuels. 3) We must stop using non-renewables not to run out of mineral resources. 4) Burning of fossil fuels generates a great amount of polluting substances. 5) Renewable energy sources are very important for the society.

Task 5.Compose dialogues “Obvious advantages of renewables over non-renewables”.

 

VOCABULARY EXERCISES

Task 1. Find in the text corresponding equivalents to the following words.

Глобальное потепление, ключевые экологические проблемы, предлагать подходящий ответ, ядерное топливо, нехватка бензина, загрязняющие вещества, медленно но верно, отвечать чьим-либо нуждам.

Task 2. Match each of the given words with its definition and translate.

Fossil fuel a material that can be 'burned' by nuclear fission or fusion to derive nuclear energy.
Atmosphere a general increase in world temperatures caused by increased amounts of carbon dioxide around the Earth.
Global warming undesirable materials or substances that are left after you have used something.
Nuclear fuel a fuel such as coal or oil, made from decayed material from animals or plants that lived many thousands of years ago.
Wastes a liquid used as fuel for cars and other vehicles. The American word is gasoline.
Petrol a complex dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet Earth.

Task 3. Make pares of synonyms taking one word form A and another one from B.

А: to combat, appropriate, conventional, to evaluate, to run out of smth., a rate, to release, to inquire into smth.

B: traditional, speed, to investigate, to fight, suitable, to emit, to estimate, to exhaust.

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

Task 1. Define the parts of the speech and translate the words. Compose your own sentences with each word.

Produce: production, productive, productivity, producer.

Protect: protection, protective, protector.

Technology: technological, technologically, technologist.

Compute: computer, computerize, computation, computational.

Move: movement, movable, mover, movability.

Mix: mixer, mixture, mixable.

Observe: observer, observation, observable, observational.

Intense: intensify, intensity, intensive, intensifier, intensively.

Physics: physical, physicist, physically.

Act: action, active, activate, activation, activator.

Nation: national, nationality, nationalism, nationalist, nationalize, nationalization.

Mechanic: mechanical, mechanically, mechanism.

Task 2. Choose the right variant.

1) We know that the contamination ___ the coastline into dump.

A convert B converts C is converted D was converted

2) The supply of oil ___ assumed to become limited on the Earth.

A are B were C will be D is

3) Water and natural ingredient soap and toothpaste are all children ___ in the bathroom.

A needs B need C will need D needed

4) Rivers and ground water ___ from less chemical dumping as will our wildlife.

A benefits B benefiting C will benefit D benefited

5) All bathroom chemicals ___ an ingredient list.

A should carry B has carried C will carry D mustn’t carry

6) Long- lasting and reliable products ___ you much money in the long run.

A has saved B had been saved C save D saves

Task 3. Make four types of questions to each of the given sentences and ask your group mates to answer them.

1) Efficient heating reduces the consumption of natural resources. 2) A wide range of environmental problems are caused by chemicals used in bathroom cleaners. 3) We should pay attention to amount of water that we use every day.

Task 4.Translate the following nominative-attributive groups, try to explain their meaning in English: fossil fuel, non-renewable energy sources, renewable energy technologies, conventional energy production, energy supply, current energy systems.

TASKS FOR INDIVIDUAL WORK

Task 1. Make correct sentences and translate them.

1) Scientists, for, projects, use, evaluating, energy, strict, renewable, standards. 2) Some, alternative, instead, cars, fuels, of, use, petrol. 3) Fossil, a, produce, amount, fuels, great, of, substances, polluting. 4) We, stop, non-renewables, rate, must, consuming, at, present, the. 5) We, a, sustainable, for, generations, can, provide, next, future.

Task 2. Translate the following sentences into English.

1) Чем больше автомобилей используется, тем больше выхлопных газов выбрасывается в атмосферу. 2) Необходимо искать другие способы получения энергии. 3) Именно человек с его научно-техническим прогрессом разрушает планету. 4) Скорость потребления невозобновляемых ресурсов постоянна. 5) После презентации инженерам было разрешено протестировать новейший прибор. 6) Я не могу быстро решить эту задачу, так как она слишком сложная. 7) Увеличился расход ископаемого топлива по сравнению с прошлым десятилетием. 8)Чем быстрее мир переключится на возобновляемые источники энергии, тем больше у нас шансов на стабильное будущее. 9) Трудно было исследовать это явление традиционными методами. 10) Именно альтернативные технологии помогли нам не исчерпать минеральные ресурсы.

Task 3. Prepare the summary of the text.

 

UNIT 2. Wind energy

COMPREHENSION READING

Task 1.Read the following words and word combinations paying attention to the correct pronunciation, write them down and learn by heart.

Benign – благоприятный

Hazardous – опасный

To pose a threat – угрожать, ставить под угрозу

Obstacle – препятствие

Concern – беспокойство, озабоченность

Impact – влияние

To graze – пастись

Leasing – аренда

To interfere with – мешать чему-л.

Substantial benefits – значительная выгода

Vast stretches – обширные пространства

Electrocution – электрический удар

Collision – столкновение

Spinning rotor – вращающийся винт

To emerge – возникать, появляться

Raptor – хищник

Red-tailed hawk – краснохвостый ястреб

Preventive measures – профилактические меры

Affected communities– затрагиваемые группы

Insurmountable – непреодолимый

Task 2. Read and translate the text, define its main idea.

It is hard to imagine an energy source more benign to the environment than wind power; it produces no air or water pollution, involves no toxic or hazardous substances (like those commonly found in large machines), and poses no threat to public safety. And yet a serious obstacle facing the wind industry is public opposition reflecting concern over the visibility and noise of wind turbines, and their impacts on wilderness areas. One of the most misunderstood aspects of wind power is its use of land. In reality the wind turbines themselves occupy only a small fraction of the land area, and the rest can be used for other purposes or left in its natural state. For this reason, wind power development is ideally suited to farming areas. In Europe, farmers plant right up to the base of turbine towers, while in California cows can be seen peacefully grazing in their shadow. The leasing of land for wind turbines, far from interfering with farm operations, can bring substantial benefits to landowners in the form of increased income and land values. Perhaps the greatest potential for wind power development is in the Great Plains, where wind is plentiful and vast stretches of farmland could support hundreds of thousands of wind turbines.

In California, however, bird deaths from electrocution or collisions with spinning rotors have emerged as a problem at the Altamont Pass wind "farm," where more than 30 threatened golden eagles and 75 other raptors such as red-tailed hawks died or were injured during a three-year period. Studies under way to determine the cause of these deaths and find preventive measures may have an important impact on the public image and rate of growth of the wind industry. In appropriate areas with careful planning, and early contacts between the wind industry, environmental groups, and affected communities, environmental problems should not be insurmountable.

Task 3. Give the full answers to the questions according to the text.

1) What areas are ideally suited for wind power development? 2) Are there any problems associated with wind industry?

Task 4. Decide whether the given statements are true or false. You may use any of the following phrases:

That is true/that’s not true

I agree with this statement/I can’t agree with it

The information is correct /the information is false

There is no mistake in this statement /there is a mistake in this statement

1) Of all energy sources wind power is the most benign to the environment. 2) People are concerned over the visibility and noise of wind turbines. 3) Wind turbines occupy vast stretches of farmlands. 4) The Great Plains have low potential for wind power because wind is scarce here. 5) Wind turbines pose a threat to birds because of spinning rotors.

Task 5.Compose dialogues about wind energy development. Find out whether it is ecologically friendly or it raises public opposition. Ask your opponent if wind turbines can be profitable and where they are best suited. Suggest your ideas concerning the ways to minimize environmental impacts.

VOCABULARY EXERCISES

Task 1. Find in the text corresponding equivalents to the following words.

Общественная безопасность, серьезное препятствие, небольшая часть, оставить в своем первозданном виде, исчезающие хищные птицы, проводимые исследования, скорость роста, тщательное планирование.

Task 2. Match each of the given words with its definition and translate.

Benign a bird that kills other birds and animals for food.
Toxic Having little or no detrimental effect.
Wind turbines an animal that kills and eats other animals
Raptor poisonous and harmful to people, animals, or the environment.
Predator a modern windmill for providing electrical power.
Wind farm a place where wind turbines are used for producing electricity from the power of the wind.

Task 3. Make pares of synonyms taking one word form A and another one from B.

A: benign, a fraction, a study, to injure, an impact, to emerge, an interfering, to destroy.

B: a research, a part, to damage, an effect, favorable, an intervention, to appear, to ruin.

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

Task 1. In the text find the sentences with Participle II, define its function and translate the sentence. You may consult the Appendix.

Task 2. Choose the right variant.

1) Millions of animals are ___ or treated cruelly by man every year.

A has killed B kills C killed D having killed

2) Wetlands are the areas that ___ water and land.

A linking B links C are linked D link

3) The production and use of energy ___ a significant effect on the environment.

A should have had B can have C have to have D to have

4) The impact of energy production ___ of short duration, long duration or irreversible.

A may be B must be C could be D will have to be

5) ___is important to know that cadmium and arsenic are toxic substances.

A that B one C it D this

6) ___ could evaluate this situation as disastrous.

A that B one C it D this

Task 3. Make four types of questions to each of the given sentences and ask your group mates to answer them.

1) We have to employ scarce factors of production to build, install and maintain antipollution equipment. 2) Our health can be seriously harmed by air pollution. 3) Disposal of toxic wastes has contaminated land as well as ground water.

Task 4.Translate the following nominative-attributive groups, try to explain their meaning in English: energy source, wind power, water pollution, public safety, wind industry, public opposition, wind turbines, wilderness areas, land area, wind power development, turbine towers, farm operations, bird deaths.

TASKS FOR INDIVIDUAL WORK

Task 1. Make correct sentences and translate them.

1) Wind, is, benign, the, energy, most, the, to, environment. 2) Hazardous, are, found, large, substances, commonly, in, machines. 3) People, about, of, turbines, are, noise, wind, concerned. 4) In, preventive, should, taken, this, measures, case, be. 5) Wind, has, a, obstacle, industry, faced, serious.

Task 2. Translate the following sentences into English.

1) Чем меньше ядерного топлива мы сжигаем, тем меньшее количество загрязняющих веществ образуется. 2) Невозможно было оценить скорость расхода ископаемого топлива без соответствующих данных. 3) Именно парниковые газы уничтожают озоновый слой земной атмосферы. 4) Вскоре люди перестанут пользоваться автомобилями из-за недостатка топлива. 5) Перед строительством новой электростанции нужно найти подходящее место. 6) Лаборант обязан отключать все оборудование в лаборатории перед уходом. 7) Основная экологическая проблема, которую нужно рассмотреть, - это количество промышленных выбросов. 8) В этом штате ни один пернатый хищник не пострадал от электрического удара благодаря профилактическим мерам правительства. 9) Ученые должны исследовать влияние электростанций на смертность в данном регионе. 10) Чем опаснее производство, тем дальше от населенных районов оно должно находиться.

Task 3. Prepare the summary of the text.

UNIT 3. Solar energy

COMPREHENSION READING

Task 1.Read the following words and word combinations paying attention to the correct pronunciation, write them down and learn by heart.

Dispose of – распоряжаться; избавляться

Emission – выброс, распространение, выделение

Invest – вкладывать, тратить, покупать

At least – по крайней мере

By factor of X – в Х раз

Compare – сравнивать

Photovoltaic cell – фотогальванический элемент

Arsenic – мышьяк

Cadmium – кадмий

Inert silicon – инертный кремний

Expose to – подвергать действию

Scarce – недостаточный, редкий

Additional – дополнительный

Task 2. Read and translate the text, define its main idea.

Since solar power systems generate no air pollution during operation, the primary environmental, health, and safety issues involve how they are manufactured, installed, and ultimately disposed of. Energy is required to manufacture and install solar components, and any fossil fuels used for this purpose will generate emissions. Thus, an important question is how much fossil energy input is required for solar systems. Although this varies, depending upon the technology and climate.

According to some studies, for example, solar water heaters increase the amount of hot water generated per unit of fossil energy invested by at least a factor of two compared to natural gas water heating and by at least a factor of eight compared to electric water heating. Materials used in some solar systems can create safety and health hazards for workers and anyone else coming into contact with them. In particular, the manufacturing of photovoltaic cells often requires hazardous materials such as arsenic and cadmium. Even relatively inert silicon, a major material used in solar cells, can be hazardous to workers if it is breathed in as dust. Workers involved in manufacturing of photovoltaic modules and components must be protected from exposure to these materials. Through effective regulation, the dangers can very likely be kept at a very low level.

The large amount of land required for solar power plants (approximately one square kilometer for every 20-60 megawatts (MW) generated) poses an additional problem, especially where wildlife protection is a concern. But this problem is not unique to solar power plants. Solar-thermal plants (like most conventional power plants) also require cooling water, which may be costly or scarce in desert areas. In solar building designs, the structure itself acts as the collector, so there is no need for any additional space at all.

Task 3.Give the full answers to the following questions according to the text.

1) Are solar power systems appropriate to our country and our climate? 2) Are there any hazards for wildlife or workers involved in manufacturing of solar systems?

Task 4. Decide whether the given statements are true or false. You may use any of the following phrases:

That is true/that’s not true

I agree with this statement/I can’t agree with it

The information is correct /the information is false

There is no mistake in this statement /there is a mistake in this statement

1) Solar power systems don’t pollute the atmosphere. 2) Fossil fuel is needed to manufacture solar components. 3) Materials used in solar systems are not hazardous for workers. 4) Solar power plants require cooling water and large amount of land. 5) Manufacturing of photovoltaic modules id not dangerous.

Task 5.Compose dialogues and share your ideas about the future application of solar power and its prospective role in our everyday life.

VOCABULARY EXERCISES

Task 1. Find in the text corresponding equivalents to the following words.

Первостепенные проблемы, в зависимости от климата, согласно некоторым исследованиям, на единицу энергии, в восемь раз, в особенности, относительно инертный кремний.

Task 2. Match each of the given words with its definition and translate.

Cadmium gas used for heating and lighting, taken from under the earth or under the sea.
Emission not producing a chemical reaction when combined with other substances.
Natural gas a piece of equipment that changes light into electricity.
Silicon a soft poisonous metal that is used in batteries and in the protective shields in nuclear reactors.
Photovoltaic cell a chemical substance that exists as a solid or as a powder and is used to make glass, bricks, and parts for computers.
Inert a gas or other substance that is sent into the air.

Task 3. Make pares of synonyms taking one word form A and another one from B.

A: primary, to involve, to vary, to increase, an amount, approximately, a location, current.

B: to change, about, basic, siting, to include, to enlarge, modern, number.

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

Task 1. A) In the text find the sentences with Participle I, define its function and translate the sentences. You may consult the Appendix.

B) In the text find the sentences with Modal verbs or their equivalents and translate them.

Task 2. Choose the right variant.

1) It ___ without saying that bad environment is the direct threat to human health.

A would go B goes C had been gone D being gone

2) The amount of ground water ___ high concentrations of toxins is constantly increasing.

A contained B containing C will contain D contains

3) The most endangered primates ___ the golden bamboo lemur in Madagascar.

A including B had been included C include D being included

4) In the North America bird observers ___ a steady decline in the number of many of the birds.

A having seen B have seen C being seen D seeing

5) A lot of energy ___ keeping water and rooms hotter than necessary.

A was wasted B have wasted C is wasted D will be wasted

6) Eight million tons of oil ___ into the Earth’s oceans every year because of oil tanker disasters.

A is spilled B will be spilled C being spilled D spilling

Task 3. Make four types of questions to each of the given sentences and ask your group mates to answer them.

1) Massive amounts of wastes are produced by modern industry. 2) When water is polluted it cannot be used for drinking. 3) In 61 A.D. the philosopher Seneca was complaining about the smoky air emitted from household chimneys in Rome.

Task 4.Translate the following nominative-attributive groups, try to explain their meaning in English: solar power system, air pollution, safety issues, fossil fuels, fossil energy input, solar water heaters, natural gas water heating, solar power plants, wildlife protection, solar building designs.

TASKS FOR INDIVIDUAL WORK

Task 1. Make correct sentences and translate them.

1) Manufacturing, of, require, installation, and, solar, energy, components. 2) Solar, are, heaters, effective, more, water, than, ones, electric. 3) Arsenic, very, and, are, cadmium, hazardous, materials. 4) Relatively, is, major, inert, a, in, cells, silicon, material, solar, used. 5) Solar, plants, large, of, power, land, require, amount.

Task 2. Translate the following sentences into English.

1) В действительности ветряки занимают только малую площадь земли, а остальную можно использовать в других целях, например, для сельского хозяйства. 2) Солнечные батареи должны обогревать и освещать дома. 3) В будущем мы сможем использовать солнечную энергию более эффективно. 4) Они были заинтересованы во вложении крупной суммы денег в наш новый проект. 5) Путем охлаждения можно превращать вещества в твердые или жидкие. 6) Как люди распоряжаются отходами своего производства? 7) Рабочие, занятые производством фотогальванических элементов, подвергаются риску каждый день. 8) В засушливых регионах вода может быть слишком дорогостоящей или недостаточной, чтобы использовать ее на заводах для охлаждения. 9) При вдыхании относительно инертный кремний в виде пыли может создать угрозу вашему здоровью. 10) Люди, входящие в контакт с опасными материалами, подвергаются риску.

Task 3. Prepare the summary of the text.

 

 








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