Сделай Сам Свою Работу на 5

Form all possible combinations and translate them.





a) system b) prediction c) model d) area e) situation f) approach g) life h) economics i) definition j) mechanism

1. market

2. economic

3. accurate

4. price

5. correct

6. particular

7. specialized

8. main

9. development

10. real

6. Make up your own sentences using the following words and word combinations:

to understand economic problems, to follow rules, real life, to predict the results, actual economic situation, to make decision.


II. Reading Comprehension

Read and translate the following text. Consult a dictionary if necessary.

WHAT IS ECONOMICS?

It is difficult to give a full and accurate definition of economics, but it is possible to indicate what problems economists are interested in. They are factors that affect prices of goods and services and also resources necessary to produce. Economists are also interested in sellers’ and buyers’ behaviour in the market, in the relationship between “price system” and “market mechanism”.

Now economics is more complex. There are three main approaches to economics: microeconomics, macroeconomics and development economics. There are also several specialized areas of study. Among them are money economics, international economics, labour economics, industrial economics, agricultural economics, growth economics, mathematical economics, etc.

Like many other sciences, economics uses models to understand economic problems. A model often helps an economist to make correct predictions. The economist usually follows several rules when he makes a model of economic behaviour.

First, real life is complex and it is not possible for an economist to include all the details in a model. So, a model is an abstraction from real life. A model usually includes only essential elements and relationships of a particular economic situation.

Second, if an economist has two different models of one phenomenon, he always chooses the model that predicts the results of a particular phenomenon more accurately.



Third, although models are helpful in economic analysis, an economist always studies the actual economic situation before he makes decisions.

It is not enough to make models, it is also necessary to collect and study actual data in order to know how accurate a model is.

Answer the following questions:

1. What problems are economists interested in?

2. What are three main approaches to economics?

3. What specialized areas of economics do you know?

4. Why do economists use economic models?

5. Why is it not possible to include all the details in a model?

6. What does a model usually include?

7. Which of the models does an economist always choose?

8. Why is it necessary for an economist to collect and study actual data?


III. Comprehension and Word Study

Translate into Russian.

Market analysis, labour economics, labour market study, goods and services prices, growth economics problems, actual economic situation details, consumer behaviour, future prediction, growth mechanism, agriculture and manufacturing relationship, mineral resources prices, agricultural product price growth, area development, trade growth prediction.

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

1. Economists (to study) situations from real life by means of economic models.

2. Economists (to be) interested in relationship between prices for goods and buyers' behaviour.

3. The buyer (to choose) goods for which he (to have) enough money.

4. He (not/ to follow) our recommendations.

5. The manager (to make) decisions only after careful analysis of all the data.

6. She always (to buy) a lot of clothes.

7. The data (not/ to be) necessary now.

8. The prices for fuel (to be) very high.

9. A consumer (to be) a person who (to buy) goods and services.



10. There (to be) several mining areas in this country.

Join the halves.

 

1. Resources and labour are necessary a) is essential for economic growth of a
2. It is necessary to know marketing country.
3. It is not enough to study economic theory b) the results of every phenomenon.
4. Like other sciences, economics uses models c) to produce goods.
5. Tо buy goods and services it is necessary d) to sell goods and services well.
for a consumer e) to have enough money.
6. It is not always possible, to predict f) to be a good economist.
7. To have enough money for his g) family he works a lot.
8. Development of trade h) to analyze real life situations.

Make sentences positive or negative.

1. People (to get) resources from the earth.

2. Consumers (to buy) goods from manufacturers.

3. We (to study) economics.

4. The economist (to study) consumers' behaviour in the service markets.

5. The plant (to process) agricultural products, it (to manufacture) machines.


6. Industry and agriculture (to use) fuel.

7. I (to study) medicine.

8. Teachers (to study) labour markets.

9. It (to be) possible to predict prices for essential goods.

5. Say whether it is true or false:

1. It isn’t difficult to give a full and accurate definition of economics.

2. There are two main approaches to economics.

3. Economics uses models to understand economic problems.

4. It is possible for an economist to include all the detail in a model.

5. The economist usually follows one rule when he makes a model of economic behaviour.

6. Complete the following statements:

1. There are three main approaches to economics …

2. There are several specialized areas of study …

3. A model often helps an economist to …

4. It is not possible for an economist to …

5. A model usually includes …

IV. Post-reading activities

1. Discuss with your partner the text “What is Economics?”

Be ready to speak about economics.

V. Written task
Translate into Russian using a dictionary.

HISTORY OF ECONOMICS

In the 1500s there were few universities. Those that existed taught religion, Latin, Greek, philosophy, history, and mathematics. No economics. Then came the Enlightenment (about 1700) in which reasoning replaced God as the explanation of why things were the way they were. Pre-Enlightenment thinkers would answer the question, “Why am I poor?” with, “Because God wills it”. Enlightenment scholars looked for a different explanation. “Because of the nature of land ownership” is one answer they found.

Such reasoned explanations required more knowledge of the way things were, and the amount of information expanded so rapidly that it had to be divided




or categorized for an individual to have hope of knowing a subject. Soon philosophy was subdivided into science and philosophy. In the 1700s, the sciences were split into natural sciences and social sciences. The amount of knowledge kept increasing, and in the late 1800s and early 1900s social science itself split into subdivisions: economics, political science, history, geography, sociology, anthropology, and psychology. Many of the insights about how the economic system worked were codified in Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations, written in 1776. Notice that this is before economics as a subdiscipline developed, and Adam Smith could also be classified as an anthropologist, a sociologist, a political scientist, and a social philosopher.

Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries economists such as Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, John Stuart Mill, David Ricardo, and Karl Marx were more than economists; they were social philosophers who covered all aspects of social science. These writers were subsequently called Classical economists. Alfred Marshall continued in that classical tradition, and his book, Principles of Economics, published in the late 1800s, was written with the other social sciences in evidence. But Marshall also changed the question economists ask; he focused on the questions that could be asked in a graphical supply-demand framework. In doing so he began what is called neo-classical economics.

For a while economics got lost in itself, and economists learned little else. Marshall's analysis was downplayed, and the work of more formal economists of the 1800s (such as Leon Walras, Francis Edgeworth, and Antoine Cournot) was seen as the basis of the science of economics. Economic analysis that focuses only on formal interrelationships is called Walrasian economics.

УЧЕБНЫЙ ЭЛЕМЕНТ 2 (УЭ-2) THE ECONOMY OF SMALL NATIONS

 








Не нашли, что искали? Воспользуйтесь поиском по сайту:



©2015 - 2024 stydopedia.ru Все материалы защищены законодательством РФ.