Matching headings with paragraphs

· Step 1. Survey the whole text.

· Step 2. Survey the paragraph to identify the topic. The topic sentence might be the first one in a paragraph. Survey the rest of the paragraph to make sure.

· Step 3. Choose the correct wording of the main idea from the text.

Match the given 9 headings with the 9 paragraphs of the text:

Identifying where to find information

· Step 1. Survey the text

· Step 2. Read the questions and statements to identify the idea, the topic, and the purpose, underline the key words in the question, read one question or statement at a time.

A/ The main idea is what the author has in mind when s/he is writing a text. Which one of the sentences given below most closely renders the main idea of the text?

1. Demographic change is one of the most important factors affecting languages – and to a much greater extent than other key trends affecting English – they can be predicted.

2. Analysis of international travel movements suggests that three-quarters of all travel is between non-English speaking countries.

3. The future of languages in the world depends on people.

4. There is a large demand for either foreign language learning or the increasing use of English as a lingua franca.

5. Languages differ remarkably in the age structure of the population speaking them, which will affect the future destiny of languages in the world but also the nature of educational services.

B/ The topic is the subject area the author chooses to bring her/his idea to the reader. Identify the main topic of the text.

1. Complex international, economic, technological and cultural changes that could start to diminish the leading position of English as the language of the world market.

2. The agrarian revolution, which allowed greater food production with fewer workers, and the industrial revolution, which created new employment opportunities in towns, and improvements in healthcare, which reduced mortality rates.

3. The future of languages in the world.

4. International travel movements between non-English speaking countries.

5.Demographic factors affecting language spread, language shift, and language change.

c/ The purpose of the text is what the author wants the reader to believe in. Does the writer want you to believe that:

1. Demographic changes can affect the English language to a much greater extent but they can be predicted?

2. Though English is ‘demographically challenged’ in developing countries it is rapidly acquiring new speakers in developed countries?

3. Large numbers of migrant workers support the economy without changing the ethnic and linguistic profile of developed countries?

4. Current demographic changes are harming the English language?

5. The relative size of the world’s languages depends on the age profile of population?

Section 2. GRAMMAR WORKOUT

Your best chance for refreshing your grammar in a short time is to skip through potential errors, and therefore pull up your total level. Although a wide range of grammar points are potentially vulnerable in EFL communication, there are certain points that appear again and again, and you can master these points with the information and practice this Manual provides. Grammar Section may seem less stressful for you because it is easier to do all the items if you have learned how to.

Grammar sentences are generally about academic subjects: linguistics or the social sciences. Any cultural references in the sentences are to the culture of nransnational interaction. Some sentences contain references to people, places, and institutions that you will not be familiar with. It's not necessary to know these references; you should simply concentrate on the grammar structure of the sentences. It's also not necessary to understand all the vocabulary in a sentence; you can often determine a grammar structure or form correctly without a complete understanding of that sentence.

There are two possible approaches to grammar problems: an analytical approach and an intuitive approach. A non-native speaker who uses the analytical approach quickly analyzes the grammar of a sentence to see what element is missing or which element is incorrect. Someone who uses the second approach simply chooses the answer that "sounds right" or the one that "sounds wrong". Although the first approach is recommended to graduate students, the second can be useful too, especially for ESP learners. If you aren't sure which approach works best for you, keep in mind that you can combine the two approaches: if you get "stuck" using one method, you switch to another.

A Tip:An excellent way to refresh your grammar is to write your own grammar pattern items. Write several items for each of the units in this part of the book. There's no better way to start thinking like a proficient EFL speaker.

Errors with articles

Errors with articles are very often hard to notice. There are some specific rules for using (or not using) articles that you should be aware of.

An indefinite article can be used to mean "one." It is also used to mean "per":

a half, a quarter, a third, a tenth, a mile a minute (one mile per minute), an apple a day (one apple per day)

A definite article is used when there is only one example of the thing or person, or when the identity of the thing or person is clear: Thе Moon went behind some clouds. (There's only one moon.) Please open the door. (You know which door I mean.)

A definite article is usually used before these expressions of time and position: the morning, the afternoon, the evening; the front, the back, the center; the beginning, the middle, the end; the past, the present, the future;. the bottom, the top.

No article is used in the expression "at night."

A definite article comes before a singular noun that is used as a representative of an entire class of things. This is especially common with the names of animals, trees, inventions, musical instruments, and parts of the body:

The tiger is the largest cat.

My favorite tree is the oak.

The Wright brothers invented the airplane.

The oboe is a woodwind instrument.

Тhе heart pumps blood.

A definite article is used before expressions with an ordinal number. No article is used before expressions with cardinal numbers: the first, the fourth chapter, the seventh volume; Part one, Chapter Four, Volume Seven.

A definite article is used before decades and centuries: the 1930s, the 1800s, the fifties, the twenty-first century.

A definite article is usually used before superlative forms of adjectives:the widest river, the most important decision.

A definite article is used in quantity expressions in this pattern: quantifier + of + the + noun: many of the textbooks, not much of the paper, some of the water, most of the students, all of the people, a few of the photographs.

These expressions can also be used without the phrase of the: many textbooks, not much paper, some water, most students, all people, a few photographs.

A definite articleis used before the name of a group of people or a nationality. No article is used before the name of a language: The Americans are proud of their ancestors, the Pioneers. She learned to speak English when she lived in London.

A definite article is used when an adjective is used without a noun to mean "people who are."Both the young and the old will enjoy this movie. The poor have many problems.

A definite articleis used before an uncountable noun or a plural noun when it is followed by a modifier. No article is used when these nouns appear alone.

The rice that I bought today is in the bag.

Rice is a staple in many countries.

Trees provide shade.

The trees in this park are mostly evergreens.

A definite article is used before the name of a field of study followed by an of-phrase. If a field is used alone, or is preceded by an adjective, no article is used: the European genetics of the twentieth century – European genetics; the economics of Ukraine – Ukrainian economics.

Definite articles are used before the "formal" names of nations, states, and cities. (These usually contain of-phrases.) No articles are used before the common names of nations, states, and cities: the United States of America – America; the Republic of Ukraine – Ukraine; the city of Simferopol – Simferopol.

Definite articles are used before most plural geographic names: the names of groups of lakes, mountains, and islands. No article is used before the names of individual lakes, mountains, and islands: the Great Lakes but Lake Baikal; the Crimean Mountains but Mount Chatyr Dag; the Marshall Islands but Bird Island.

There are three main types of errors involving articles:

Incorrect article choice

A or an used in place of the, or the in place of a or an.

Angela Merkel was a first woman in the history of Germany to be elected Chancellor.In a phrase with an ordinal number (such as first) the definite article the must be used.

It’s a wrong choice. In a phrase with the words right and wrong the definite article the must be used.

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