Scan the text for key words.

This title Culture’s components can help you understand that key words must concern any kinds of constructs, or be connected with effects, of culture.

Follow the three-step strategy to make finding key words easier.

Step 1. Make sureyou know what you are looking for.

Step 2. Scan each paragraph for 4-5 key words. Do not read every word.

Step 3. Select5-10 key words for the whole text.

Write a 10-line abstract of the text basing on the key words. Make sure to mention all characteristics, constructs, cognitive patterns and contextual rules of culture.

Collect specific informationby pointing out groups of synonyms, semantic and thematic groups. Keep it in mind that vocabulary in context includes both single words (usually nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs). and two- or three-word phrases.

Section 2. Grammar workout

Preposition use

It is important that you be familiar with the correct usage of prepositions and practice these prepositions in sentences:

Adjectives/Participles + Prepositions (1)

acceptable to, accustomed to, adequate for, afraid of, aware of, based on, capable of, characteristic of, close to, composed of, contrary to, dependent on, different from, disappointed in/with, eligible for equipped with equal to essential to/for familiar with famous for.

Adjectives/Participles + Prepositions (2)

free of next to related to

independent of opposed to relevant to

inferior to opposite of satisfied with

married to perfect for suitable for

native to possible for surprised at/by

necessary for/to preferable to typical of

Opposite of is used for words or concepts that are completely different, such as "large" and "small." When opposite means "across from," it is not used with of. "The bank is opposite the post office on Cedar Street."

Nouns + Prepositions

approach to exception to origin of

attention to experience with price of

because of expert on probability of

contribution to form of quality of

component of group of reason for

cure for improvement in reliance on

increase in increase in result of

demand for influence on solution to

effect of/on* interest in supply of

example of native of

*effect + of + cause

effect + on + thing or person affected (The effect o/heat on rocks...)

Verbs + Prepositions

account for compete with insist on

adjust to concentrate on interfere with

agree with/on* consist of plan on

attach to contribute to participate in

attribute to cooperate with refer to

begin with deal with rely on

believe in depend on result in

belong to devote to search for

combine with engage in

*agree with is used with people

agree on is used with an issue, plan, etc. (I agreed with Mary on that issue.)

Phrasal Prepositions

according to due to on account of

ahead of except for prior to

along with in favor of regardless of

because of in spite of thanks to

bу means of instead of together with

In, On, and At (1)

Expressions of time

+ century (in the eighteenth century) + decade (in the 1990s)

+ year (in 1975) in

+ season (in the summer)

+ month (in July)

+ parts of the day (in the morning, in the evening, in the afternoon)

+ days of the week (on Wednesday) + dates (on October 7)

+ time of day (at 6pm; at noon)

+ night

Expressions of place

+ continent (in Africa)

+ country (in Mexico)

+ state (in Pennsylvania)

+ city (in Los Angeles)

+ building (in the bank)

+ room (in the auditorium)

+ in the world

+ street (on Maxwell Street)

on + floor of a building (on the fourth floor)

+ on Earth

at + address (at 123 Commonwealth Avenue)

In, On, and At, (2)

The prepositions in, on, and at are also used in a number of set expressions:

in a book/magazine/newspaper on a bus/train/etc. at best/worst

in charge (o0 on fire at first/last

in common (with) on the other hand at once

in danger (of) on purpose at the peak (of)

in detail on radio/television at present

in existence on the whole at the moment

in the front/middle/back at birth

in general at death

in practice at random

in the past/future

in a row

in style

in theory

Other Prepositions

By is often used with forms of communication and transportation: by car, by plane, by phone, by express mail (Note: if the noun is plural or is preceded by a determiner, the prepositions in or on must be used: in cars, on a boat, on the telephone, in a taxi).

By is also used with gerunds to show how an action happened:

How did you get an appointment with the President? By calling his secretary.

With is used to indicate the idea of accompaniment or possession:

Melanie came to the party with her friend. He wanted a house with a garage.

Without indicates the opposite relationship:

Melanie came to the party without her friend. He bought a house without a garage.

With also indicates that an instrument was used to perform an action:

He opened the door with a key. Without indicates the opposite relationship:

He opened the door without a key.

By and for are also used in the following expressions:

by chance for example

by far for free

by hand for now

For is sometimes used to show purpose; it means "to get."

She went to the store for toothpaste and shampoo.

Unit 1-9. COMMUNICATION AND CULTURE

Section 1. Guidelines for cross-cultural communication

A study of intercultural communication brings together two important kinds of insights: the cultural shaping of communication practices, and the interactional dynamics that occur among culturally shaped communication practices. Cultural analysis raises the general question: how is communication shaped as a cultural practice When people are engaged in communication, what significance and meaning does it have for them?

These general research questions, about the cultural nature and the meanings of communication, are based upon the view that communication both presumes and constitutes social realities; and further, that as people communicate, so they engage in a meta-cultural commentary, that is, they say things explicitly and implicitly about who they are, how they are related to each other, how they feel, what they are doing, and how they are situated in the nature of things. These concerns about identity, relationships, emotions, and actions are in an excerpt from the book by L. Samovar et al, given below.

Text 1-9. THE FRAMEWORK OF COMMUNICATION AND CULTURE

(Based on Intercultural Communication: A Reader by Larry A. Samovar, Richard E. Porter, Edwin R. McDaniel)

A definition of communication

What exactly is communication? What happens when we communicate? In answering those questions, we will first define and then explain the phenomenon.

Communication has been defined variously, and each definition is usually a reflection of the author’s objective or of a specific context. Often the definition is long and rather abstract, because the author is trying to incorporate as many aspects of communication as possible. In some instances, the definition is narrow and precise, designed to explain a specific type or instance of communication.

When studying the union of culture and communication, however, a succinct, easily understandable definition is in everyone’s best interest. Thus, for us, communication is the management of messages with the objective of creating meaning (Griffin, 2005).

This definition is somewhat broad, yet is precise in specifying what occurs in every communicative episode. It does not attempt to establish what constitutes successful or unsuccessful communication, which is actually determined by the involved participants, can vary from one person to another, and is frequently scenario dependent. The only qualifiers we place on communication are intentionality and interaction. In other words, if communication is considered to be purposeful – to persuade, inform, or entertain – then we communicate with an intention, and we achieve our objective only by interacting with someone.

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