ENGLISH BANKNOTES AND COINS

The official currency of the Unites Kingdom is the pound sterling that is equal to one hundred pence.

English banknotes are issued by the Bank of England. As to coins they are minted also by this state bank. There are banknotes of the following denominations: £ 1, £ 5, £ 10, £ 20, £ 50 and £ 100. The following coins are in circulation: halfpenny, one penny, two pence, five pence, ten pence, fifty pence.

On the face of English banknotes one can read the denomination given both in figures and in words. Then the inscription on the face of the banknote reads: I promise to pay the bearer (предъявитель) on demand the sum of…And then there are two signatures. The first signature is that of the person authorized by the Government and the Bank of England. The second signature is that of the Chief Cashier.

The back of English banknotes, like many other banknotes, feature portraits of different famous people: William Shakespeare, Isaac Newton (1642 - 1727) a well-known English scientist who made a few very important discoveries including gravitation law, the Duke of Wellington, a famous Irish general who defeated Napoleon at Waterloo, Belgium in 1815, Florence Nightingale, founder of the nursing profession. She volunteered as a nurse to Turkey to take care of he wounded soldiers from Crimean War, war of England and France versus Russia.

Дополнительная информация о британский фунтах

A British pound is subdivided into 100 pence. The word "A British Pound” or "Pound of Sterling” dates back to Anglo-Saxon times (12 century) when coins called sterlings were minted from silver; 240 of these sterlings weighed one pound. Before 1971 1 pound was equal to 240 pence.

Дополнительная информация о соотношении денежных единиц до 1971 года

1 гинея (guinea) =21 шиллинг (schillings)

1 фунт стерлингов (pound sterling) = 20 шиллингов

1 крона (crown piece) =5 шиллингов

1 полукрона =2,5 шиллинга

1 флорин (florin) =2 шиллинга

1 шиллинг=12 пенсов

1 гроут=4 пенса

1 пенни=2 полпенни или 4 фартинга

1. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1. What is the official currency of the U.K.?

2. What is the smallest unit?

3. How many pence are there in one pound?

4. What banknotes and coins are in circulation in the U.K. now?

5. What famous people are featured on the back of various English banknotes?

Text 8.

Прочтите Tекст 8 и выполните задания после текста.

AMERICAN MONEY

The American dollar is subdivided into one hundred cents.

The dollars are issued by the Federal Reserve System, established by Congress in 1913.

Here is the text on the face of an American dollar banknote:

- dollars

- Federal Reserve Note

- The United States of America

- this note is legal tender (платежное средство) for all debts public and private

- Washington, D.C.

- Treasurer of the United States

- Secretary of the Treasury.

On the face of American dollars one can also see the portraits of the following famous persons:

- George Washington (1732-1799), the first President of the United States of America, who gave his name to the capital of the country. George Washington became the first President after the successful was of 13 British colonies for independence. After they won the war, they formed 13 states and united to make the United States of America. Thus, Independence was proclaimed on July 4, 1776.

-Abraham Lincoln (1809 – 1865) who was President from 1861 to 1865 after the war between the northern and southern states. It was he who proclaimed freedom of slaves of the south.

- There are also portraits of Alexander Hamilton (1755 – 1804), a famous American statesman, who fought in the Independence War together with George Washington. Later he became the first Secretary of the Treasury;

- Andrew Jackson (1767 -1845) who was President of the USA from 1829 to 1837, when Texas won independence from Mexico.

- Ulysses Grant (1822 – 1885) who was President of the USA from 1869 to 1877 when the Centennial Exposition was held in Philadelphia.

- Benjamin Franklin (1706 – 1790) a very popular public figure, writer, diplomat and scientist. It was he who invented bifocal spectacles among many other things.

On the back of banknotes various buildings are features, such as:

- Lincoln Monument, one of the monuments in Washington

- US Treasury Building, in Washington

- White House, house of every President, except George Washington, who only planned the capital of the USA

- US Capitol, which houses the Senate and the House of Representatives

- Independence Hall, in Philadelphia, where Independence of the 13 British colonies was proclaimed.

All the banknotes bear the words: In God We Trust

1. Заполните пропуски по содержанию текстов 7 и 8.

The official ______________of the United Kingdom is the ____________which is ______________to one hundred pence.

Bank of England ___________banknotes and ____________coins.

On the face of English banknotes one can read the _______________________

The ______________________is given both in figures and in _____________

The _____________________on the face of the ______________reads: I promise to pay the ____________________on demand fifty Pounds.

The first _______________is that of the person authorized by the Government and the ________________.

The second signature is that of the _____________________.

Isaac Newton is a well-know English __________________.

Florence Nightingale is the founder of the ________________profession. She ___________ as a nurse to Turkey to take care of the wounded soldiers.

Alexander Hamilton was a famous American __________________who fought in the Independence War.

The _____________________issues dollars.

2. Расскажите, что вам известно об английских банкнотах и английских монетах.

3. Расскажите о русских денежных единицах по плану:

- its denomination

- its issuer

- inscriptions, if any

- portraits, if any

- flags, if any.

РАЗДЕЛ 3. Макроэкономика

UNIT 3. Macroeconomics

Text 9.

Прочтите Tекст 9 и выполните задание после текста.

WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?

1. Many critics of globalization say that it is a major cause of poverty, that it opens developing countries to exploitation by big foreign corporations, and that it results in people in wealthy countries losing jobs when cheaper foreign imports put their companies out of business. The world is regulated by multinational corporations not accountable to any government.

2. However, globalization helps economies grow – which means improving standards of living for billions of people around the world. Economic growth becomes an anti-poverty weapon. It means access to clean water, a safe house to live in, and a chance to educate their children to prepare for better future. Countries also enjoy greater political freedom.

3. The U.S. economic boom of the 1990s was motivated by globalization. Open borders allowed new ideals and technology to flow in freely from around the globe. Living standards went up when consumers and businesses were able to buy from countries producing better made products at better prices. In addition, export-oriented jobs generally pay more than those that are dependent on the local economy.

4. Globalization does benefit to some people. Access to technology and capital has created many new jobs for workers in developing countries. For example, millions of information technology jobs have been created in Ireland and India – not just in the U.S. Silicon Valley.

5. On the other hand, the high-salary workers in developed countries with little or no education watched millions of jobs taken away by newly productive Third World workers. This means they need additional training and education to find new jobs.

Какие абзацы текста наиболее точно соответствуют смыслу утверждений (A-G)?

A. Globalization benefits many people around the world by creating new jobs.

B. Economic growth of developing countries is the antipoverty weapon.

C. Globalization forces countries to open their economies to the world.

D. Globalization improver standards of living for billions of people around the world.

E. Globalization gives access to new ideas and technology.

F. Globalization leads to exploitation of developing countries by big foreign corporations.

G. In developed countries employees have to get additional training and education to find new jobs.

Text 10.

Прочтите Tекст 10 и выполните задание после текста.

GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT

Gross Domestic Product or GDP is the amount of money a country makes from goods and services inside the country for a certain period of time, usually for a year.

When GDP is calculated different sectors of economy are analyzed.

In the United Kingdom the following sectors of economy are usually analyzed: manufacturing, services (financial, profes­sional and scientific services, leisure and tourism), energy (oil, natural gas, coal) and agriculture. In the United States the following sectors of economy are usually analyzed when the GDP is defined: construction and manufacturing; trade and finance; transport, communication and services; agricul­ture; and mining.

Speaking, as an example, about one of the recent year's GDP figures, the following can be quoted:

In the United Kingdom the services sector accounted for roughly 60 per cent of Gross Domestic Product. Manufacturing sector accounted for a small percentage of gross domestic product. Energy production sector accounted for about 8 per cent of GDP. Agriculture - only for 4 per cent of GDP. But the agri-cultural sector satisfies two-thirds of the country's needs. And only small fractions of the total population, about 2 per cent, are engaged in agriculture.

In the U.S.A. the construction and manufacturing sector accounted for 40 per cent of GDP; trade and finance earned 25 per cent of GDP; transport, communication and services sector earned 20 per cent of GDP; agriculture and mining earned 5 per cent of GDP. By the way 10 per cent of the employed population of the United States is engaged in agriculture.

1. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1. What is Gross Domestic product or GDP?

2. What sectors of economy are usually analyzed?

3. When GDP is calculated in the United Kingdom?

4. What can you say about GDP in the USA?

5. How many employed population of the United States is engaged in agriculture?

2. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты слов и выражений профессионально-ориентированной лексики:

Валовой внутренний продукт, сумма денег, товары, производства, сельское хозяйство, торговля, горнодобывающая промышленность, цифры, энергетический сектор, процентная доля, удовлетворяет две трети потребности страны, строительство, занятое (=работающее) население.

3. Расскажите, используя профессионально-орентированную лексику, что говорится в тексте о:

Gross Domestic Product, UK economy, USA economy.

Text 11.

Прочтите Tекст 11 и выполните задания после текста.

ECONOMY OF THE USA

The United States of America is a highly developed industrialized country. Shipbuilding, electronics, automobile industry, aircraft industry, space research are highly developed in the States.

Each region of the United States has characteristics of its own due to the differences in climate, landscape and geo­graphical position.

Great Lakes, Atlantic Coast, Pennsylvania, New Jersey are biggest industrial regions of the country.

The United States has a lot of mineral deposits or resources such as coal, gold, silver, copper, lead and zink. The south, especially Texas is rich in oil. The coalfields of Pennsylvania are rich in coal. There are plenty of coal mines.

Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska is the richest farming region of America and it is known as the Corn Belt. The land is fertile and well watered. They grow mostly corn and wheat there. Much livestock is also raised here.

There is a lot of fruit raising area. For example, California oranges, grapefruit, lemons, as well as other fruits, wines and vegetables are shipped all over the States and to other parts of the world. The most important crops grown in the States are also tobacco, soy-beans, peanuts , grapes and many others. There are a lot of large and modern cities, but a great proportion of the country consists of open land dotted with (усеяна) farmhouses and small towns. The usual average town, in any part of the United States, has its Main Street with the same types of stores selling the same products. Many American residential areas tend to have a similar look. As to big cities their centres or downtowns (деловые центры) look very much alike. Downtown is the cluster of skyscrapers (небоскреб) limitations of New York giants.

New York City is die first biggest city of the States. Its population is more than eight million people. It is a financial and advertising business centre. It is also a biggest seaport of the Hudson River. Industry of consumer goods is also developed here.

Chicago with a population of more than three and a half million is the second largest city in the U.S.A. It deals in wheat and other grains, cattle meat processing and manufacturing. Other big cities are Huston, an oil refining and NASA space research centre, New Orleans, a cotton industry centre, Los Angeles with Hollywood, Phyladelphia, a shipping com­mercial centre, Detroit, a world's leading motor car producer and many others.

1. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

What industries are highly developed in the U.S.?

What mineral deposits are there?

What plants are grown in the U.S.? Why?

What can you say about the usual average town?

2. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты слов и выражений:

Благодаря различиям в климате; земли плодородны и хорошо орошаемы; выращивают

кукурузу и пшеницу; разводят много скота; большие площади заняты фруктовыми садами; вывозятся в другие штаты и страны.

3. Что говорится в тексте о:

The biggest industrial regions of the U.S.A., New York, Chicago, Huston, New Orleans

Text 12.

Прочтите Tекст 12 и выполните задания после текста.

UNITED STATES’ ECONOMY IN THE 21^st CENTURY

The United States entered the 21st century with an economy that was bigger, and by many measures more successful, than ever. It endured a global depression in the first half of the 20th century, surmounted challenges of sharp inflation, high unemployment, and enormous government budget deficits in the second half of the century. The nation finally enjoyed a period of economic calm in the 1990s: prices were stable, unemployment dropped to its lowest level in almost 30 years.

The American economic system endured a continuous change. Its dynamism often has been accompanied by some pain and dislocation – from the consolidation of agricultural sector to the massive restructuring of the manufacturing sector that saw the number of traditional factory jobs fall sharply in the 1970s and 1890s. As American see it, however, the pain also brings substantial gains. Jobs may be lost, but they can be replaced by new ones in industries with greater potential – high –technology industries: computers and biotechnology, or in rapidly expanding service industries such as health care and computer software.

Because of the huge size of its economy, the United States necessarily will be a major actor in global matters, such as ozone depletion, deforestation, marine pollution, climate change, global warming, and will influence the global economy. Its affluence also complicated its role. The U.S. has achieved a high standard of a strong economy, which by no means must be a prerequisite to social progress.

1. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1. What economy did the USA enter the 21st century?

2. What did the USA endure in the first half of the 20th century?

3. What did the nation enjoy in the 1990s?

4. Why is the American economic system characterized by dynamism?

5. Why will the United States be a major actor in global matters?

2. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты слов и выражений профессионально-ориентированной лексики:

Вступить в 21ый век, успешные меры, мировая депрессия, острая инфляция, высокая безработица, бюджетный дефицит, реструктуризация промышленного сектора, истощение озонового слоя, уничтожение лесов, загрязнение морей, глобальное потепление.

3. Расскажите, используя профессионально-орентированную лексику, что говорится в тексте о:

- global depression in the first half of the 20th century;

- a period of economic calm in the 1990s;

- changes in American economic system;

- global ecological problems.

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