Briefing on Personal Taxation

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Ex. 1.Answer the questions.

1. How is personal taxation structured in your country?

2. Is the trend in the load of personal taxation upwards or downwards?

Ex. 2. Listen to the presentation about personal taxation in the UK. As you listen, complete the information in Charts 1 and 2 (referred to in the tapescript as transparencies).

Chart 1. Personal taxation.

Rates Lower rate: up to £23,700: a. % Higher rate: above £23,700: b. % Allowances Single person: c. £ . Married person: d. £ . Pensions: e. maximum % of income. Mortgage interest relief: f. .

Chart 2. Collection of personal taxes.

Income tax System: g. . National insurance Employee’s contribution: h. . Employer’s contribution: i. .

Ex. 3. Answer the following questions.

1. How are the two parts of Geoff’s presentation structured?

2. What does Geoff suggest the majority think of British tax?

3. What new legislation has recently been introduced?

4. What do you think the government uses national insurance contributions for?

Ex. 4.Look at the following extracts from the Listening passage:

“Right, I’ll hand you straight over to Geoff.”

“Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen …”

Now match the expressions with the functions they perform in a presentation (match them under three headings).

Functions	Expressions
Introduction
1) Introducing the subject. 2) Time limits. 3) Giving an outline. 4) Place of questions.	a) I've divided my presentation into two parts. b) I'll try to answer your questions at the end. c) What I'd like to do is talk to you about … d) I know you're short of time so I'll be brief.
Main part
1) Introducing first point.	a) I'll come to that later.
2) Closing first point.	b) In other words.
3) Referring forwards.	c) As I mentioned earlier.
4) Referring backwards.	d) That brings me on the next point.
5) Digressing.	e) So, let's start by considering.
6) Moving on to next point.	f) That covers my first point.
7) Clarifying.	g) By the way, you may be interested to know.
8) Dealing with interruptions.	h) If you don't mind, I'd prefer to leave that till later.
Conclusion
1) Summarising	a) Thank you for your attention
2) Concluding	b) I'd be delighted to answer your questions
3) Closing	c) We can draw the following conclusion
4) Inviting questions	d) So, let's just go over the main points again

SPEAKING

Speak on:

– pros and cons of the Keynesian theory;

– ways of promoting economic stability;

– discretionary and non discretionary fiscal policies;

– possible complications in connection with fiscal policy.

VOCABULARY

budgetn – бюджет

contractionary fiscal policy– сдерживающая фискальная политика

discretionary fiscal policy– дискреционная фискальная политика

downturn n (syn. decline) – 1) падение, спад; упадок; 2) экономический спад; спад деловой активности; 3) спад, уменьшение

downward-sloping line– нисходящяя наклонная линия

effective demand– платежеспособный спрос

eliminate v – устранять, исключать, уничтожать, ликвидировать

expansionary fiscal policy–стимулирующая фискальная политика

laissez faire– невмешательство

long-term investment– долгосрочные инвестиции

maintain v (syn back up, uphold) – поддерживать, защищать, отстаивать (закон, теорию, мнение и т. п.)

moderate v – умерять, сдерживать, обуздывать; ослаблять, смягчать

offset a recession– нейтрализовать; сбалансировать спад

propensityn – склонность

~ to consume – склонность к потреблению

~ to save – склонность к сбережению

shortage n – нехватка, недостаток, недостача, дефицит

soar v – стремительно повышаться

GLOSSARY

· Actual budget records the actual dollar expenditures, revenues, and deficits in a given period.

· Automatic stabilizers are federal expenditures and tax revenues that automatically change levels in order to stabilize an economic expansion or contraction; sometimes referred to as nondiscretionary fiscal policy.

· Balance budget is a budget when revenues and expenditures are equal during a given period.

· Budget deficit is a budget in which government expenditures exceed government revenues in a given time period.

· Budget surplus is a budget in which government revenues exceed government expenditures in a given time period.

· Discretionary fiscal policy is the deliberate use of changes in government spending or taxes to alter aggregate demand and stabilize the economy.

· Fiscal policy is the use of government spending and taxes to influence the nation's output, employment, and price level.

· Government debt (sometimes called public debt) consists of the total or accumulated borrowings by the government; it is the total dollar value of government bonds owned by the public (households, banks, businesses, foreigners, and other non-federal entities).

· Spending multiplier is the change in aggregate demand (total spending) resulting from an initial change in any component of aggregate demand, including consumption, investment, government spending, and net export.

· Tax multiplier is the change in aggregate demand (total spending) resulting from an initial change in taxes.

THE MICROECONOMY

SUPPLY AND DEMAND

DISCOVERING CONNECTIONS

Have you ever heard the quip “Teach a parrot to say "Demand and supply" and you have an economist!"? Do you know that there is a strong element of truth in it. Can you guess why? Why does the price of hotel rooms in the Caribbean plummet when the weather turns warm in New England every summer? Why does the price of gasoline in the United States rise when a war breaks out in the Middle East? What do these events have in common? Do you know that, in fact, they all show the workings of supply and demand.

So if you want to know how any event or policy will affect the economy, you must think first about how it will affect supply and demand.

READING

Text 1

As you read the text, pay special attention to the definitions of terms in italics.

Supply and Demand

The terms supply and demand refer to the behavior of people as they interact with one another in markets. A market is defined as an institution or mechanism which brings together buyers – “demanders’ and sellers – “suppliers”.

Demand is the amount of the good that buyers are willing and able to purchase. What factors determine the demand for any good? They are as following:

Price. The quantity demanded falls as the price rises and rises as the price falls, so the quantity is negatively related to the price. The relationship between price and quantity demanded is true for most goods in the economy and, in fact, is so pervasive that economists call it the law of demand: other things equal (ceteris paribus in Latin), when the price of a good rises, the quantity demanded of the good falls.

Income. A lower income means that you have less to spend in total so you would have to spend less on some – and probably most – goods. If the demand for a good falls when income falls, the good is called a normal good. Not all goods are normal goods. If the demand for a good rises when income falls, the good is called an inferior good. An example of an inferior good might be bus rides. As your income falls, you are less likely to buy a car or take a cab, and more likely to ride the bus.

Prices of Related Goods. Suppose that the price of frozen yogurt falls. The law of demand says that you will buy more frozen yogurt. At the same time you will probably buy less ice-cream. Ice-cream and frozen yogurt are substitutes, that is pairs of goods that are used in place of each other.

When a fall in one price of one good raises the demand for another good, the two goods are called complements. Complements are often pairs of goods that are used together, such as gasoline and automobiles, computers and software.

Tastes. The most determinant of your demand is your tastes. If you like ice-cream, you buy more of it.

Expectations. Your expectations about the future may affect your demand for a good or service today too.

We now turn to supply that is the amount that sellers are willing and able to sell. What determines the quantity an individual supplies? These are:

Price Because the quantity supplied rises as the price rises and falls as the price falls, we say that the quantity supplied is positively related to the price of the good. This relationship between price and quantity supplied is called the law of supply: Other things equal, when the price of a good rises, the quantity supplied of the good also rises.

Input Prices. The supply of a good is negatively related to the price of the inputs used to make the good.

Technology. By reducing firms’ costs, the advance in technology raises the supply of a good.

Expectations. The amount of goods you supply today may depend on your expectations of the future. For example, if you expect the price of goods to rise in the future, you will put some of your current production into storage and supply less to the market today.

Vocabulary Focus

Ex. 1.Study the meaning of the following words.

1. To affect means ‘to influence’: The tax increases have affected us all.

2. An effect is a result or consequence of an event: The political crisis has already had an effect on the Stock Market.

3. The word ‘effect’ can have two other meanings: We tried exporting tea to China but with little effect (impact). In effect(in fact) the two systems are identical.

4. There is also a verb ‘to effect’, which is fairly formal: Production was stopped until repairs were effected (made).

Choose the right word in italics:

1. Do you think a rise in interest rates will affect/ effect consumer spending?

2. Cultural attitudes can affect/effect the success or failure of a merger with an overseas firm.

3. The bad publicity has had an adverse affect/effect on our reputation.

Ex. 2.Match the following common collocations with their Russian equivalents:

1) пользоваться большим спросом 2) создавать спрос 3) превышать спрос 4) ассортимент товаров 5) потребительский рынок 6) доход на человека/на душу населения 7) спрос и предложение 8) большой спрос 9) доход, облагаемый налогом 10) удовлетоврять спрос

a) enormous / great demand (for) b) to be in good /great demand c) consumer market d) to create/make demand e) to exceed/outgo demand f) to meet/ satisfy demand g) demand and supply h) range of goods i) taxable income j) per capita income

A	B
1) стоимость затрат 2) быть в дефиците 3) основной поставщик 4) невыполнение обязательств поставщиком 5) объем промышленного производства 6) ежедневный выпуск продукции 7) исчерпать запас 8) текущие расходы.	a) to be in (short /low) supply b) to exhaust supply c) leading / major supplier d) a supplier default e) current inputs f) cost of inputs g) industrial output h) daily output

Ex. 3. Express in one word:

1. something that is sold for money;

2. the desire of customers for goods or services which they wish to buy or use;

3. pairs of goods that are used together;

4. an idea or a principle relating to sth abstract;

5. pairs of goods that are used in place of each other;

6. to interact (with sth);

7. the price to be paid or amount of money needed for sth;

8. that which is put in;

9. the amount of sth that a person or thing produces;

10. to give sb that is needed or useful/ to provide sb with sth;

11. to establish a connection between, e.g. ideas, events or situations; to think or associate sth with sth else.

Words for reference: compliments, concept , demand, goods, substitutes, to act or have an effect on each other, to relate, output, input, to supply, costs.

Ex. 4.Choose the words with similar meaning from two columns and arrange them in pairs.

A	B
1) concept (n) 2) interaction (n) 3) loan (n) 4) supply(v) 5) increase (v) 6) purchase (v) 7) transaction (n) 8) affect(v) 9) demand (n) 10) good (n) 11) costs (n)	a) rise (v) b) idea (n) c) expenses (n) d) cooperation (n) e) credit (n) f) buy (v) g) bargain, deal (n) h) commodity (n) i) request (n) j) influence (n) k) offer (v)

Ex. 5.Complete the sentences using the words given below.

1. The government increased prices on several basic … .

2. Computers and software, gasoline and automobiles are … .

3. … for these services is outgoing supply.

4. The … of demand and supply may be explained in the context of a market for specific goods.

5. The new model comes in an exciting … of colors.

6. We made a small charge for parking to cover the … of hiring the hall.

7. Supply, the quantity of a product that suppliers will provide, is the seller's side of a …transaction.

8. Manufacturing … has increased by 8% in two years.

9. They discussed the … of additional resources into the scheme.

Words for reference: input, range, output, concepts, demand, goods/commodities, market, compliments, cost.

Comprehension

Ex. 1. Complete the sentences.

1. A market is defined as an institution or mechanism which … .

2. Demand is the amount of the good that buyers… .

3. The law of demand says that … .

4. Ceteris paribus is … .

5. The good is called an inferior good if … .

6. The good is called a normal good if … .

7. Substitutes are … .

8. Complements are … .

9. The factors which affect the amount of the good that buyers are willing and able to purchase are … .

10. The factors which affect the amount of the good that sellers are willing and able to sell are … .

11. The law of supply is … .

Ex. 2. Answer the questions on the text.

1. What is a market?

2. What is demand? What does the law of demand say?

3. What factors affect the amount of the good that buyers are willing and able to purchase?

4. What’s the difference between a normal good and an inferior good?

5. How can you define compliments and substitutes?

6. What is supply? What does the law of supply say?

7. What factors affect the amount of the good that sellers are willing and able to sell?

Text 2

As you read the text, pay special attention how the activities of buyers and sellers automatically push the market price forward the equilibrium price.

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