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IV. Fill in the gaps using the words given






interlinked

opening up

currencies

difference

importing

exporting

erecting

delivery

agent

quota

trade


1. The main between domestic trade and international trade is the use of foreign currencies to pay for the goods and services crossing international borders.

2. In the _____global economy, consumers are given the opportunity to buy the best products at the best prices.

3. Some _____ barriers will always exist as long as two countries have different sets of laws.

4. By _____ markets, a government allows its citizens to produce and export things they are best at.

5. Whenever a country imports or exports goods and services, there is a resulting flow of funds: money returns to the _____ nation, and money flows out of the _____ nation.

6. When a country decides to protect its economy by _____ artificial trade barriers, the result is often damaging to everyone, including those people the barriers were meant to protect.

7. Although global trade is often added up in U.S. dollars, the trading itself involves a myriad of_____.

8. Many import or export deals are arranged through an exporter's _____.

9. The terms of _____ that are most common depend on the kinds of goods being traded and the countries between which the trade is taking place.

10. _____is the maximum quantity of a product allowed into a country during a certain period of time.

 

V. Read and translate into Russian:

INCOTERMS 2000

When commercial traders enter into a contract for the purchase and sale of goods they are free to negotiate specific terms of their contract. These terms include the price, quantity, and characteristics of the goods. Every international contract will also contain what is referred to as an Incoterm (international commercial term). The Incoterm selected by the parties to the transaction will determine which party pays the cost of each segment of transport, who is responsible for loading & unloading of goods, and who bears the risk of loss at any given point during a given international shipment. Incoterms also influence Customs valuation basis of imported merchandise. Incoterms are overseen and administered by the International Chamber of Commerce in Paris and are adhered to by the major trading nations of the world. There are currently 13 Incoterms in use, and they can be considered on the basis cited above. Incoterms or international commercial terms are a series of international sales terms widely used throughout the world. They are used to divide transaction costs and responsibilities between buyer and seller and reflect state-of-the-art transportation practices. They closely correspond to the U.N. Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods.



ICC introduced the first version of Incoterms - short for "International Commercial Terms" - in 1936. Since then, ICC expert lawyers and trade practitioners have updated them six times to keep pace with the development of international trade.

Most contracts made after 1 January 2000 will refer to the latest edition of Incoterms, which came into force on that date. The correct reference is to "Incoterms 2000".

INCOTERMS

(The most common ones are shown with *.)

CFR CIF* CPT CIP DAF DES DEQ DDU DDP EXW* FCA FAS FOB* -This price includes Cost and Freight, but not insurance, to a named port of destination in the buyer's country. -This price covers Cost, Insurance and Freight a named port of destination in the buyer's country. -The cost and transportation of the goods, Carriage Paid to a named destination in the buyer's country. -The cost and transportation of the goods, Carriage and Insurance Paid, to a named destination in the buyer's country. -The cost, insurance and transportation of the goods Delivered At Frontier. -The cost, insurance and transportation of the goods Delivered Ex-Ship. -The cost, insurance and transportation of the goods, unloaded from the ship and Delivered Ex-Quay. -The cost, insurance and transportation of the goods Delivered Duty Unpaid to the buyer. -The cost, insurance and transportation of the goods Delivered Duty Paid to the buyer. -This price is the Ex-Works cost of the goods. The buyer arranges collection from the supplier and pays for freight carriage and insurance. -The Free Carrier price includes all costs to a named point of loading onto a container. The buyer pays for onward shipment and insurance. -This price includes all costs to a named port of shipment Free Alongside Ship. The buyer pays for loading, onward shipment and insurance. -This price includes all costs of the goods Free On Board a ship (or aircraft) whose destination is stated in the contract. The buyer pays for onward shipment and insurance.

VI. Translate into English:



1. Импорт – ввоз в страну заграничных:

· - товаров и технологий для реализации на внутреннем рынке или транзита в третьи страны;

· - услуг - в форме платного пользования услугами иностранных фирм;

· - капитала - в форме предоставления кредитов и займов.

2. Импорт выступает как результат международного разделения труда, способствует экономии времени и более полному удовлетворению потребностей национальной экономики.

3. Объем импорта зависит от размеров экспортной выручки и валютных резервов страны.

4. Различают видимый и невидимый импорт.

5. Импорт регулируется национальным законодательством, политико-правовыми ограничениями, таможенными тарифами, системой лицензирования и другими мерами внешнеэкономического регулирования.

6. Импортная пошлина - таможенная пошлина, взимаемая с импортируемых в страну товаров и транспортных средств.

7. Торговые барьеры - ограничение свободного обмена товарами и услугами между странами через механизмы тарифного и нетарифного регулирования.

8. Экспорт - вывоз за границу товаров, услуг и капитала для реализации на внешних рынках.



9. Bыручка от экспорта является основным источником средств для оплаты импорта.

10. Международная торговая палата (МТП) (International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)) – Всемирная организация международного экономического самоуправления. МТП основана в 1919 году, штаб-квартира МТП находится в Париже.

11. МТП является официальным разработчиком международных правил для точного определения торговых терминов Incoterms .

12. Базисные условия поставки товаров — это общепризнанные международные торговые обычаи, соответствующие содержанию и характеру внешнеторговых сделок.

13. Базисные условия поставки обычно определяют обязанности, связанные с доставкой товара.

14. Базисными эти условия называются потому, что они устанавливают основу (базис) цены.

15. С целью исключения противоречий между продавцом и покупателем в толковании базисных условий Международная торговая палата выпустила и опубликовала в 1936 г. сведения под первоначальным названием «Торговые термины» (Trade Terms), а затем, в 1953 г., «Инкотермс — 1953» International Commercial Terms), Международные правила по толкованию торговых терминов.

VII. Answer the questions:

1. What is international trade?

2. What is export?

3. What is import?

4. What are the measures to control international trade?

5. What is a tariff?

6. What is a quota?

7. What are the methods to establish products in a foreign market?

Литература

Основная: 1, 4, 6.

Дополнительная: 1, 4, 7, 8, 11.

TOPIC 14.

INSURANCE

Insurance plays a central role in the functioning of modern economies. Insurance is a device to handle risk. Its primary function is to substitute certainty for uncertainty as regards the economic cost of disastrous events. Insurance may be defined more formally as a system under which the insurer, for a consideration , promises to reimburse the insured , or to render services to the insured in the event that certain accidental occurrences result in losses during a given time period.

Insurance, in law and economics, is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent loss. Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for a premium, and can be thought of as a guaranteed small loss to prevent a large, possibly devastating loss.

An insurer is a company selling the insurance; an insured is the person or entity buying the insurance. The insurance rate is a factor used to determine the amount, called the premium, to be charged for a certain amount of insurance coverage. Risk management, the practice of appraising and controlling risk, has evolved as a discrete field of study and practice.

Insurance relies heavily upon the “law of large numbers”. In large homogeneous population it is possible to estimate the normal frequency of common events such as deaths and accidents. Losses can be predicted with reasonable accuracy, and this accuracy increases as the size of the group expands.

From the standpoint of the insurer, an insurable risk must meet the following requirements.

The objects insured must be numerous enough and homogeneous enough to allow a reasonably close calculation of the probable frequency and severity of losses.

The insured object must not be subject to simultaneous destruction. For example, if all the building insured by one insurer are in an area subject to flood and a flood occurs, the loss to the insurance underwriter may be catastrophic. The possible loss must be accidental in nature, and beyond the control of the insured. If the insured could cause the loss, the element of randomness and predictability would be destroyed.

There must be some way to determine whether a loss has occurred, and how great a one. This is why insurance contracts specify very definitely what events must take place, what constitutes loss, and how it is to be measured.

From the viewpoint of the insured person, an insurable risk is one for which the probability of loss is not so high as to require excessive premiums. What is “excessive” will depend on individual circumstances, including the person’s attitude toward risk. At the same time, the potential loss must be severe enough to cause financial hardship if a person does not insure against it.

Insurable risks include losses to property resulting from fire, explosion, windstorm, etc.: losses of life or health: and the legal liability arising out of use of automobiles, occupancy of buildings, employment, or manufacture.

Uninsurable risks include losses resulting from price changes and competitive conditions in the market. Political risks such as war, punitive taxation, or currency debasement are usually not insurable by private parties but contracts can be drawn in such a way that an “uninsurable risk” can be turned into an “insurable” one through restrictions on losses, redefinitions of perils , or other methods.

Memorize the following words and word combinations:

 


as regards – в том, что касается

disastrous – катастрофический

insurer – страховщик

consideration – вознаграждение

insured – страхуемый

relies heavily upon – в значительной степени опирается на

standpoint – точка зрения

close – точный, верный…расчет…

severity of losses – тяжесть потерь

insurance underwriter – страховщик

premium – страховой взнос; вознаграждение

legal liability – юридический риск

punitive taxation – разрушительно высокие налоги

currency debasement – обесценение (девальвация) валюты

peril – опасность

insurance brokers - страховые агенты;

all-risks policy — страховой полис от всех (считающихся нормальными, обычными) рисков;

cover — страховой полис; страхование;

to have cover — иметь страховой полис;

to cover — застраховать;

underwriters — андеррайтеры (люди, объединенные в компании, синдикаты, которые выступают в качестве гарантов при размещении ценных бумаг, выплате страховых полисов; они получают прибыль, если требований о возмещении убытков не поступает, и наоборот, несут большие потери, если таких требований поступает много);

adjusters — независимая фирма (диспашеры), занимающаяся оценкой убытков, например при общей аварии, и их распределением между участниками рейса;

to meet a claim — удовлетворить требование (здесь выплатить страховку);

to disclaim all liability— отказываться от обязательств (например, поступает требование о выплате ущерба, причиненного пожаром, но страховая компания обнаруживает, что это был умышленный поджог, и отказывается от своих обязательств, т.е. не выплачивает страховку);

COMPREHENSION CHECK

 

I. Give English equivalents to the following:

Обращаться (обходиться), первичная функция, оказать услуги, заменить, являться результатом, однородный, оценить, частотность, потери можно предсказать, с достаточной точностью, отвечать требованиям, многочисленный, верный расчет, одновременный, разрушение, подлежащий или подчиняющийся чему-л, вне контроля, элемент случайности, происходить, с точки зрения, вероятность потерь, зависеть от обстоятельств, отношение к, финансовые трудности, потерять собственность в результате чего-л, составлять контракт таким образом,чтобы.

 

 








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