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Speak about the capital of the United States.





Speakabout your visit to a city that made the deepest impression on you.

1. Text 11 "THE UNITED KINGDOM"

The United Kingdom, officially the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, is an island nation and constitutional monarchy in north- western Europe, member of the European Union (EU).

Great Britain is the largest of the British Isies. It comprises, together with numerous smaller islands, England and Scotland, and the principality of Wales. Northern Ireland, also known as Ulster, occupies the north- eastern part of the island of Ireland.

The United Kingdom is bordered to the south by the English Channel, which sepa­rates it from continental Europe, to the east by the North Sea and to the west by the Irish Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. The only land border is between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. The total area of the United Kingdom is 242 sq km. The capital and largest city is London.

The names "United Kingdom", "Great Britain", and "England" are often used interchangeably. The use of "Great Britain", often shortened to "Britain", to describe the whole kingdom is common and widely accepted, although strictly it does not include Northern Ireland.

However, the use of "'England" to mean the "United Kingdom" is not acceptable to members of the other constituent countries, especially the Scots and the Welsh.

England and Wales were united administratively, politically, and legally by 1543. The crowns of England and Scotland were united in 1603, but the two countries remained separate political entities until the 1707 Act of Union, which formed the Kingdom of Great Britain with a single legislature. From 1801, when Great Britain and Ireland were united, un­til the formal establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922, the kingdom was officially named the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

Hong Kong, which has 200,000 population, was returned to China in 1997.



The mainland of the island of Great Britain is 974 km at its longest and 531 km at its widest; however, the highly indented nature of the island's coastline means that nowhere is more than about 120 km from the sea.

The climate of the United Kingdom is mild relative to its latitude, which is the same as that of Labrador in Canada. The mildness is an effect of the warm Gulf Stream. This cur­rent brings the prevailing south-west winds that moderate winter temperatures and bring the depressions which have the main day-to-day influence on the weather. The western side of the United Kingdom tends to be warmer than the eastern; the south is warmer than the north. The annual temperature is 6 °C in the war north of Scotland; 11°C in the south-west of Eng­land. Winter temperatures rarely higher than 32 C. The sea winds also bring plenty of mois­ture; average annual precipitation is more than 1,000 mm.

Rain tends to fall throughout the year, frequently turning to snow in the winter, espe­cially in Scotland, the mountains of Wales, and northern England. The western side of Brit­ain is much wetter than the eastern: average rainfall varies is from 5,000 mm in the western Highlands of Scotland, to less than 500 mm in parts of East Anglia in England.

The population of United Kingdom is more than 56 mln people, but it is one of the world's leading commercial and industrialized nations. In terms of gross national product (GNP) it ranks fifth in the world, with Italy, after the United States, Japan, Germany, and France.

Vocabulary:

island nation- островное государство

constitutional monarchy- конституционная монархия

european Union- Европейский союз

to comprise- включать

numerous- многочисленные

principality- княжество



north Sea- Северное море

interchangeably- взаимозаменяемо

to accept- принимать, допускать

strictly- строго, зд. строго говоря

include- включать

constituent- составляющий

administratively- административно

entities- зд. Субъекты

single- зд. Единая

indented- зд. изрезанная

latitude- широта географ.

prevailing- преобладающий

moderate- умеренный

depressions- зд. циклоны

mean- средний

throughout- на всём протяжении

average annual precipitation- среднегодовое количество осадков

in terms of- говоря (о чём- либо)

GNP (Gross National Product)- валовой национальный продукт

Translate into English.

1.Официальное название Великобритании - Соединённое Королевство Великобрита­нии и Северной Ирландии.

2. Соединённое королевство является членом Европейского союза и конституционной монархией.

3. Северная Ирландия занимает северо-восточную часть острова Ирландия.

4. Пролив Ла-Манш отделяет Соединённое Королевство от континентальной Европы.

Use the following phrases and word compinations to retell the text:

2.As Iunderstood from the text...

3. According to the text...

4. According to the author...

5. As it is described in the text...

6. At it is said in the text...

7. As the author puts it...

8. According to the figures (data, information, opinions) from the text...

Discuss the following statements. Use the following phrases to express your opinion:

1.It seems to me (that)...

2. I would like to say that...

3. As I see it...

4. I think that...

5. I guess...

6. I suppose...

7. I (strongly) believe that...

8. I am (absolutely) sure that...

Statement A:The United Kingdom is a small country . It is one of the leading countries now

because it had many rich colonies in the past.

Statement B:UK will loose Northern Ireland soon and Wales and Scotland later, like it lost

Hong Kong in 1997, because of the differences in languages, culture and history.

Statement C: British people don't travel much because they live not too far from the sea

(ocean).

TEXT 13 MOSCOW.

Moscow is the capital and city of Russia. It is also the capital of Moscow oblast . and it stands on the Moskva river . Moscow is the economic . political and cultural centre of Russia. Railways and numerous airlines link the city with all parts of Russia . Navigable waterways . in­cluding the Moscow Canal , Moskva river ,and Volga-don Canal, make the port areas of the city directly accessible to shipping from the Baltic, the Black, and the Caspian seas and sea of Azov.



Moscow covers an area of about 880 sq. km. Concentric boulevards divide city into sev­eral sections. At the centre of the concentric circles ( and semicircles ) are the Kremlin, the for­mer governmental seat of Russia, and adjacent Red Square, which from the centre of a radial street pattern.Moscow has a modern underground system famous for its marble- walled stations.

Situated on the north bank of the Moskva river , the Kremlin is the dominant landmark of Moscow .

A stone wall , up to 21 meter height and 19 towers , surrounds this triangular complex of former palaces , cathedrals, and other monuments of tsarist times, some of them dating from the middle ages . The Great Kremlin Palace, completed in 1849. is the most imposing structure within the Kremlin. Other notable Kremlin palaces are theGran^'itaya PaL'e (1491) and the Terem (1632).

Among many cathedrals , now used mainly as museums , are the Cathedra! of the As­sumption and the Archangel Cathedral, each with five gilded domes, and the Cathedrals of Anunciation (13 -14n centre ), with nine gilded domes. Another landmark of the Kremlin is the Tower of Ivan the Great, a bell tower 98 m high. On a nearby pedestal is the Tsar s Bell (narly20(; tons), one of the world. A recent addition to the Kremlin is the Palace of Congresses , completed in 1961 In this huge modern building were held meetings of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and congresses of the Communist party of the Soviet Union : theatrical and other artistic perform­ances have been held here as well.

St Basils Cathedral, famous for its unique architecture and colored domes, stands at one end of Red Square.

One of the best-known sections of Moscow is the Kitaigorod (Chinese City), the ancient commercial quarter lying to the east of the Kremlin . This section is now the site of many govern­ment office building.

Other points of interest in Moscow include the Central Lenin Stadium , comprising about 130 buildings for various sports and the tall Ostankino TV Tower , which contains a revolving res­taurant and an observation platform.

General understanding:

1. Where is Moscow located?

2. Is Moscow a port city?

3. How is Moscow divided into sections?

4. What is known about Moscow Underground system?

5. What are the places of interest in Moscow?

6. Why the Kremlin is the most important place of interest for tourist?

7. What Russian Orthodox cathedrals are sitiated inside the Kremlin?

8. What is Palace of Congresses used for at present time?

 








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