OBJECTIVE INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTION

USAGE	EXAMPLES
1. After the verbs of sense perception: to see, watch, observe, notice, hear, feel, smell, etc.	I saw him enterthe room.
2. After the verbs of mental activity: to think, expect, know, believe, prefer, feel, imagine, find, etc.	I would prefer you not to complain all the time. I consider John (to be)a good driver.
3 After the verbs of request, order and permission: to ask, beg, beseech, implore, allow, let, suffer, order, cause, etc.	Walter asked him to stay for dinner. For a while she allowed her thoughts to wander. They let us examinethe documents. I won’t have you stay here.. The general ordered us to wait. The noise caused her to awaken.
4. After the verbs of wish and intention, liking and disliking: to wish, want, desire, mean, like, dislike, intend, hate, etc.	I want you to translate the text.
5. After the verbs of declaring: to declare, pronounce, report, etc.	They reportedthe boat to have been seen not far away.
6. After the verbs: to wait, rely, listen, etc. (with prepositions)	I rely on you to come in time.

SUBBJECTIVE INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTION

USAGE	EXAMPLES
1. After the verbs of sense perception: to see, watch, observe, notice, hear, feel, smell, etc.	He was heardto mention the matter.
2. After the verbs of mental activity: know, believe, prefer, feel, imagine, find, etc.	He is knownto have left for London a week ago.
3 After the verbs of request, order and permission, compulsion: to ask, beg, beseech, implore, allow, let, suffer, order, cause, etc.	He was orderedto go there right away. Hewas madeto translate the text.
4. After the verbs of declaring: to declare, pronounce, report, etc.	He is said to have arrived in London.
5. After some verbs in the Active Voice: to seem, appear, turn out, prove, happen, chance, etc.	He seems to have left for London. It turns out to be raining now. I happenedto comeacross him in the street.
6. After the word-groups: to be likely, to be unlikely, to be certain, to be sure,etc.	It is unlikelyto rain soon. Heis sure to come soon. You are certainto like it.

FOR-INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS

FUNCTION	EXAMPLES
COMPLEX SUBJECT	For John to say such a thing is nonsense. It would be difficult for him to find words that sounded well. It took three years for the studentsto read the book.
COMPLEX PREDICATIVE	The only sensible thing was for you to go away. It is not for you to make terms.
COMPLEX OBJECT	They waited for the boy to answer. We longed for the lesson to be over. I think it necessary for the students to learn the Infinitive.
COMPLEX ATTRIBUTE	There are several people for you to consult. The teacher can always find something for you to do.
COMPLEX ADVERBIAL MODIFIER OF	PURPOSE	He opened the door for her to go out.
RESULT	The bridge was too narrow for the truck to cross. The bridge was wide enough for the bicycle to cross.

FUNCTIONS OF GERUND

FUNCTION	PREPOSITIONS	EXAMPLES
SUBJECT		Translating this text is rather difficult. There’s no avoiding it. It is no use translating this text. The Gerund is not used after “essential”, “important”, “necessary”. “
PREDICATIVE	- / like	My idea is learning English. I don’t feel like goinghome.
PART OF COMPOUND VERBAL ASPECT PREDICATE		He began (kept on, stopped)translating this text.
DIRECT OBJECT	of, at, in, into, on, for, to, etc	We suggest going to the museum. She denies having metus.
PREPOSITIONAL OBJECT		They insisted on goingto the library. She was not conscious of having shown any special interest in grammar.
ATTRIBUTE	of, about, in, at, for, to	He gave up the idea of goingto Bangladesh. They entered the readinghall.
ADVERBIAL MODIFIERS OF	TIME	after, on, in, at, before	After hesitating he answered in the affirmative. The Perfect Gerund is used only if the priority is emphasized. He came back after having been away for twenty years.
PURPOSE	for, for fear of, for the sake of, for the purpose of	He wants to visit a solicitor for the purpose of makinga new will.
CONDITION	without, but for, in case of	He won’t go without sayinggood-bye.
CAUSE (REASON)	for, through, for fear of, due to, owing to, because of, on account of	Through being left out all night in the rain the metal rusted. He felt better for having writtenthe letter.
ATTENDANT CIRCUMSTANCES	instead of, without	He went away instead of working. He arrived without havingonce appearedon the stage.
CONCESSION	in spite of, despite, notwithstanding	In spite of beingbusy she managed to read the novel.
MANNER COMPARISON	in, by, without	She spent her evening in reading. The seaside is much better for me than workingin the hot city all summer.

GERUNDIAL AND HALF-GERUNDIAL CONSTRUCTIONS

USAGE	EXAMPLES	NOTE
GERUNDIAL	1. Noun in the Possesive Case + Gerund	I remember John’s telling me that.	The action is emphasized.
2. Possessive Pronoun + Gerund	She denies his knowing anything.
HALF-GERUNDIAL	1. Noun in the Common Case + Gerund	There came the sound of the door closing then being locked. Fancy a woman of taste buying a hat. We object to children and women smoking.	1. This construction is common: a) with inanimate nouns and pronouns that are not used in the Possessive Case. b) with nouns accompanied by attributed in post position. c) when the Gerund is preceded by more than one pronoun. d) when the speaker wants to emphasize the doer of the action. 2. The Construction can’t combine with the verbs to avoid, to defer, to delay, to deny, to enjoy, to postpone, to put off, to risk, to suggest.
2. Personal Pronoun in the Objective case + Gerund	It’s no good you hating it.

NOTE 1. In Modern English there is a tendency to use the half-gerundial Construction even with such nous as may be used in the Possessive Case.

NOTE 2. The use of the Objective case of personal pronouns is not so common.

FUNCIONS OF GERUNDIAL CONSTRUCTIONS

FUNCTION	EXAMPLES
COMPLEX SUBJECT	Your going there won’t help much.
COMPLEX PREDICATIVE	The main thing is our startingearly.
COMPLEX OBJECT	Do you mind my closing the window?
COMPLEX ATTRIBUTE	I hate the idea of her coming.
ADVERBIAL MODIFIERS	After your coming it started to rain.

RIGHT-HAND COMBINABILITY OF SOME VERBS

(VERB + PREPOSITION + GERUND)

Verb + of + Ger.	(dis)approve, be on the point, beware, come, complain, consist, despair, dream, make a point, speak, talk, tell, think, accuse, exasperate, remind, suspect, deprive, etc.
Verb + about + Ger.	arrange, bother, care, complain, forget, grumble, hesitate, talk, think, tell, worry, have no doubt, squabble, ask, question smb., say smth., etc.
Verb + on + Ger.	agree, concentrate, count, decide, insist, plan, reckon, rely, compliment smb., congratulate smb., pride oneself, spend smth., etc.
Verb + in + Ger.	believe, trust, consist (=to be equivalent to), delight, end, lose time, persist, result, succeed, take pride, take risks, etc.
Verb + at + Ger.	aim, play, scream, etc.
Verb + with + Ger.	threaten, charge, amuse smb, etc.
Verb + to + Ger.	admit, agree, apply, be up, amount, come, come round, confess, consent, fall, feel up, get, get down, get round, go back, lead, look forward, object, plead guilty, point, accustom smb., attribute smth., limit oneself, reduce smth., restrict smth., etc.
Verb + into + Ger.	drop, bamboozle smb., bribe smb., coax smb., deceive smb., frighten smb., hypnotize smb, persuade smb., pester smb., starve smb., talk smb., trap smb., trick smb., etc.
Verb + out of + Ger.	argue smb., make an occupation, talk smb., etc.
Verb + from + Ger.	abstain, despair, escape, refrain, result, save, shrink, shy away, discourage smb., hinder smb., keep smb., prevent smb., prohibit smb., rescue smb., stop smb., etc.
Verb + for + Ger.	account, apologize, atone, find excuses, long, blame smb., bless smb., criticize., excuse smb., forgive smb., honour smb., pardon smb., praise smb., punish smb., reprimand smb., reproach smb., respect smb., reward smb., scold smb., scorn smb., thank smb., etc.
Verb + by + Ger.	mean, amuse oneself., oblige smb., etc.
Verb+against+Ger.	warn smb., insure smb., etc.

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