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Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleyev
Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleyev is a famous Russian chemist. He is best known for his development of the periodic table of the properties of the chemical elements. This table displays that element’ properties are changed periodically, when they are arranged according to their atomic weights. Mendeleyev was born in 1834 in Tobolsk, Siberia. He studied chemistry at the University of St. Petersburg, and in 1859 he was sent to study at the University of Heidelberg. He returned to St. Petersburg and became Professor of Chemistry at the Technical Institute in 1863. He became Professor of General Chemistry at the University of St. Petersburg in 1866. Mendeleyev was a well-known teacher, and because there was no good textbook in chemistry at that time he wrote the two-volume “Principles of Chemistry” which became a classic textbook in chemistry. In this book Mendeleyev tried to classify the elements according to their chemical properties. In 1869 he published his first version of his periodic table of elements. In 1871 he published an improved version of the periodic table, in which he left gaps for elements that were not known at that time. His table and theories were proved later when three predicted elements: gallium, germanium and scandium were discovered. Mendeleyev investigated the chemical theory of solution. He also investigated the thermal expansion of liquids and the nature of petroleum. In 1893 he became director of the Bureau of Weights and Measures in St. Petersburg and held this position until his death in 1907.
Kliment Arkadyevich Timiryazev
Kliment Arkadyevich Timiryazev belongs to the scientists who are most popular and most respected and honoured by the Russian people.
love truth in everything. In 1868 after graduating from the Petersburg University he made a report on his experiments in the field of plant nutrion from the air at the first Congress of Naturalists in Petersburg. The same year he went abroad and worked in the laboratories of famous scientists till 1870 when he returned to Russia and became the head at the Chair of Botany at the Petrovskaya Academy. As a scientist Timiryazev was the researcher who devoted his life to solving one and the same problem – the problem of photosynthesis. The problem is very important because it is connected with the existence of life on the Earth. His brilliant lecture on the cosmic part of plants read by him at the Royal Society of London was the result of his 35 years of research. His books «The Life of Plants», «Charles Darwin and his Teaching», «The Historical Method in Biology» and many others have been published and republished in many countries. Timiryazev was a great patriot of his Motherland. He wrote: «Science based on democracy and the democracy stregthened by science will bring peace to peoples». He died on the 28th of April, 1920. A monument to the great scientist and citizen was put up in Moscow. Many educational establishments bear the name of Timiryazev, among them the oldest Agricultural Academy of Russia.
Answer the questions 1) Russia is rich in great scientists, isn't it? 2) What great Russian scientists expert mentioned in the text do you know? 3) What researches is Lomonosov famous for? 4) What researches is Mendeleyev famous for? 5) What researches is Timiryazev famous for? 6) What sciences did Lomonosov deal with? 7) What was the main science Mendeleyev did his researches in? 8) What was the main problem Timiryazev devoted his life to? 9) Why can these great scientists be spoken about in one text? What is your opinion? Find the endings to the sentences and pay attention to new information about Lomonosov not mentioned in the text. Speak on Lomonosov 1) There is hardly any other person … 2) He was … 3) Since childhood Lomonosov liked … 4) His thirst for knowledge was so great … 5) Then he continued … 6) In Germany he became acquainted with … 7) On his return to Russia (1741) he began to teach … 8) On his initiative the first chemical laboratory was … 9) To spread education in Russia Lomonosov …
1) … delivered public lectures on physics 2) … his education in St. Petersburg University and abroad 3) … chemistry in the Academy 4) … the achievements of science in Europe 5) … more gifted than M. V. Lomonosov 6) … enriched this branch of physics 7) … linquist of his time 8) … a historian, a chemist, a physicist, a poet, etc
10) He studied electricity and … 11) Lomonosov was the founder of … 12) He was also a brilliant … 13) He did a lot for the development of … 14) In 1755 he …
9) … Russian language and literature 10) … to observe nature, the life and customs of the people 11) … built in Russia 12) … that he went on foot to Moscow and entered the Slavonic Greek-Latin Academy in 1730 13) … Russian scientific terminology 14) … founded Moscow University Describe the Mendeleyev’s life way stages after having composed sentences from the following words and expressions
1834 – to be born 1859 – to be sent 1863 – to become Professor of Chemistry 1866 – Professor of General Chemistry, classic textbook “Principles of Chemistry” 1869 – to publish, the periodic table of elements 1871 – the improved table, to leave gaps for elements, to be unknown 1893 – the Bureau of Weights and Measures, to hold the position 1907 – to die
Translate into English and speak about K. A. Timiryazev 1) Россияне почитают и уважают великого русского ученого К. А. Тимирязева. 2) Свой замечательный научный труд «Наука и демократия» Тимирязев посвятил своим родителям, которые повлияли на его мировоззрение. 3) На первом Конгрессе Натуралистов в Петербурге Тимирязев сделал доклад о своих экспериментах в области питания растений из воздуха. 4) Однако, проблема фотосинтеза особенно интересовала ученого, так как она связана с существованием жизни на земле. 5) Тимирязев был уверен, что «наука, основанная на демократии, и демократия, укрепленная наукой, принесут мир народам». 6) В Москве сооружен памятник великому ученому и гражданину. 7) Старейшая Сельскохозяйственная Академия в России носит его имя.
Sakharov Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov, an outstanding scientist and public figure, was born on the 21st of May, 1921, into the family of teachers. He graduated from Moscow University in 1942. In 1947 he defended his thesis for the degree of Candidate of Science. In 1953 he defended his Doctorate thesis and was elected member of the Academy of Sciences. Sakharov played a decisive role in developing the Soviet hydrogen bomb. While working on the bomb he came to the conclusion that any atomic and nuclear weapons should be banned. In 1966 he took part in his first human rights demonstration, a one-minute silent protest in Pushkin Square. A year later, he wrote a letter to Communist Party leader Leonid Brezhnev defending imprisoned dissidents. He fought courageously for human rights in the former USSR and in 1975 he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. His international repute as a scientist kept him out official, but in 1980 he was deprived of all his titles and orders and exiled to the city of Gorky. In Gorky he continued to work for peace, justice and human rights. Only in 1985 A. D. Sakharov was allowed to come back to Moscow. It was Mikhail Gorbachev who helped A. Sakharov to return to Moscow. He was given back all his titles and 3 years later he was elected a deputy of the Supreme Soviet. But soon he died in 1989. A. D. Sakharov is remembered by everybody as an outstanding humanist and philosopher. He realized even in 1968 that our society should develop in a new direction. He foresaw the changes that are taking place now
Listen to the text (see 7.16; 7.17; 7.18) Make a report on some Russian greatest scientist not mentioned in Section 6
Section 7 Text for auding Text 1
The Russian Federation Russia is the largest state in the world. It occupies half of Europe and one third of Asia. When the residents of the Far East hurry to work in the morning, the residents of Moscow hurry to the evening shows. Russia borders on twelve countries on land. Twelve seas wash the shores of it.
Russia is one of the richest countries in the world in natural resources. More than half of the area of Russia is covered with forests, which are of great economic importance. Three quarters of the country’s minerals and fuels including oil, natural gas, coal, diamonds and gold are concentrated in Siberia and the Far East. There are also iron-stones ores near Kursk and in the Urals, where half of the world’s variety of minerals can be found. Russia is a producer of heavy machines, agricultural machines, airplanes, lorries and cars, tractors, trenchdiggers, refrigerators, railway carriages, ships and boats, TV and radio-sets and a lot of other things. Approximately 10 million people are engaged in agriculture, they produce grain, milk and other dairy products. The largest granaries are located in the North Caucasus and the Volga and the Arur regions. So the country is very different. The northern regions surprise everybody by the beauty of their vast forests stretching away for hundreds of kilometres and by the beauty of their lakes and rivers. The southern regions surprise us by the beauty of the Black Sea coast. The flora of the central region is not less beautiful with its grassy meadows and hills with its wheat fields stretching away for hundreds of kilometres to the horizon.
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