Сделай Сам Свою Работу на 5

Died: 10 Feb 1891 in Stockholm, Sweden





The outstanding Russian mathematician, Sophia Kovalevskaya, was born in Moscow on January 5, 1850 to a well-off family of an artillery general, Korvi-Krukovsky.Sofia lived in St. Petersburg and joined her family's social circle, which included the author Dostoevsky.

Though Sophia liked literature very much, she showed an unusual gift in mathematics, too. When Sofia was 11 years old, the walls of her nursery were papered with pages of Ostrogradski's lecture notes on differential and integral analysis.When she was only twelve she surprised her teacher by suggesting a new solution for the determination of the ratio of the diameter of the circle to its circumference.

In 1866, Sophia and her older sister were taken to St. Petersburg where Sophia went on with her studies. But, as women were not permitted to attend public lectures, she was obliged to read privately. She applied for permission to attend lectures at the University. Although the permission was granted, she was not allowed to take examinations, to say nothing of taking a degree.

The only possible way out for her was to go abroad. There was a condition, which was to be observed. If a woman wanted to go abroad, she should be married. Sofia was forced to marry so that she could go abroad to enter higher education. At the age of eighteen, she entered a nominal marriage with Vladimir Kovalevsky a young palaeontologist. This marriage caused problems for Sofia and, throughout its fifteen years, it was a source of intermittent sorrow. They left for Vienna where she began to study physics at the University. Soon Sophia made up her mind to go to Heidelberg University. There she could study and her intention was to take examinations and get a degree (Ph.D.).

In 1870 the Kovalevskys went to Berlin. During the four years spent in Berlin, Sophia succeeded not only in covering the University course but also in writing three dissertations, for which the University granted her a Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in absentia. By the spring of 1874, Kovalevskaya had completed three papers. Weierstrass deemed each of these worthies of a doctorate. The three papers were on Partial differential equations, Abelian integrals and Saturn's Rings. In 1874 Kovalevskaya was granted her doctorate from Göttingen University.



Despite this doctorate Kovalevskaya was unable to obtain an academic position. This was for a combination of reasons, but her sex was a major handicap.

Some years later the Kovalevskys returned to St. Petersburg. Sophia Kovalevskaya, an outstanding scientist already, could not get any position at the University and was obliged to turn to journalism. But as she had made up her mind to take her Magister's Degree, she returned to Berlin to complete her work on the refraction of light in crystals.

It was only in 1883 that she was given an opportunity to report on the results of her research at a session held in Odessa, but again no post followed. That is why, when she was offered lectureship at Stockholm University, she willingly accepted the offer.

In 1888 she achieved the greatest of her successes, winning the highest prize offered by Paris Academy of Sciences for the solution of complicated problem: to perfect in one important point the theory of the movement of solid body about an immovable point. The solution suggested by her made a valuable addition to the results submitted by Euler and Lagrange. The prize was doubled as recognition of the unusual merits of her work.

In 1889 Sophia Kovalevskaya was awarded another prize, this time by the Swedish Academy of Sciences. Soon in spite of her being the only woman-lecturer in Sweden, she was elected professor of mathematics and held the post until her death.

Along with her scientific and pedagogical work she carried out a good deal of literary work. In consideration of her literary work she was elected member of the Literary Club in Stockholm, where she used to meet Ibsen and Grieg with whom she made friends.



Unfortunately, Sophia Kovalevskaya died at the age of 41 just as she had attained the height of her fame and had won recognition even in her own country where she was elected member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

Vocabulary:

Ratio – отношение, пропорция, соотношение

Circumference - окружность

to grant – давать, дарить

in absentia - заочно.

to deem – полагать, думать

handicap - препятствие

to submit – предлагать, представлять

merit - заслуга

to attain - достигнуть

 

3.21 Give the English equivalents for the following.

Обеспеченная семья, посещать общественные лекции, дать разрешение, выход, получить степень, намерение, завершить работу, преуспеть в чем-либо, сделать доклад, принять решение, награждать, выбирать.

3.22 Complete the following word-combinations with the prepositions given below:

Notes … differential analysis, gift … mathematics, to apply … permission, study … the University, to succeed … , work … crystals. prize … the solution of problem, to carry.

For in on at for out on in

How did Sophia surprise her teacher when she was 12?

1. Why did not she attend public lectures?

2. Why did she decide to go abroad?

3. What made her marry V. Kovalevski?

4. What did she study in Vienna?

5. Why did she make up her mind to go to Heidelberg University?

6. What did she succeed in during four years in Berlin?

7. Why was Kovalevskaya unable to obtain an academic position?

8. What forced her to turn to journalism?

9. What did she report on in 1883?

10. What she was awarded for by Paris Academy of Sciences?

 

3.24 Make up questions to which the following sentences might be the answers:

1. She suggested a new solution for the determination of the ratio of the diameter of the circle to its circumference.

2. Because women were not permitted to attend public lectures.

3. Because it was the only possible way out for her to go abroad.

4. By the spring of 1874, Kovalevskaya had completed three papers.

5. She returned to Berlin to complete her work on the refraction of light in crystals.

6. In 1889 the Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded Sophia Kovalevskaya.

7. In consideration of her literary work she was elected member of the Literary Club in Stockholm.

 

3.25 Translate into Russian:

1. Она родилась в богатой семье.

2. Молодой ученый предложил новое решение для определения пропорции.



3. Ей не разрешили сдать экзамены и получить степень.

4. Это решение вызвало проблемы.

5. Она приняла решение завершить работу.

6. Университет присудил ей степень доктора заочно.

7. Она выступила с докладом о результатах своей работы на конференции.

3.26 Match the first part of the sentence in A with the second one in B:

A B

In 1866   In 1874   In 1883     In 1889     By the spring of 1874   In 1888     Kovalevskaya completed three papers. Sophia was taken to St.Petersburg to go on with her studies Sophia Kovalevskaya was awarded by the Swedish Academy of Sciences. she was given an opportunity to report on the results of her research at a session held in Odessa. she won the highest prize offered by Paris Academy of Sciences. Kovalevskaya was granted her doctorate from Gоttingen University.

 

Tell about the outstanding mathematician Sophia Kovalevskaya.

Write a sentence from the words given.

 

Verb + Object + to Infinitive

The scientist commissioned his assistant to solve it.

 

Verb + to Infinitive

The teacher asked to prove the theorem.

 

1. in time. / them / reminded / to / the task / to complete / I.

2. to / persuaded / our / They / us / mind.

3. with / She / to / problem. / a / wanted / practical / start

4. about / us / answer / the world. / Physicists / questions / enables

 

Write a second sentence with the same meaning. Each time begin with the way shown.

 

5. “Do not try to do it on your own”, the teacher told his student.

The teacher warned …

6. “Nobody allowed you to interfere with my matter”, Kate said to her sister.

Kate reminded …

7. I told you that you should keep in touch with Mr. Brown.

I advised …

8. I was surprised that the plane was delayed. I did not expect…

Scientists joke

v What are Newton's laws of motion?

It's not only thick people who have trouble understanding Newton's laws. But although they appear complicated, they are actually very simple. However, first we must get to know four scientific terms:

Force: When you kick your sister in the shin, you are using force.

Mass: If she is fat she has lots of mass.

Inertia: Being fat, she will not be able to chase you. She has inertia.

Energy: Every time you kick her, molecules in the form of waves pass from your foot to her shin. This is energy. There can be lots of energy, like a nuclear bomb, or a tiny amount, like when one of your brain cells dies.

Newton's First Law If something is not moving it will stay where it is. Kick your sister in the shins. Go on, do it now. You will see that she reacts. Let's just think about what happened there. If you hadn't kicked her, she would have stayed where she was, probably sitting in front of the TV eating cakes. Hence, the first law is proved. Newton discovered this law when an apple fell on his head. To this day it is know as Newton's Apple Law.
Newton's Second Law Every action results in a small loss of energy. You know how when you do a lot of exercise, you run out of breath? Well, this is proof of Newton's second law. This may seem simple but it has terrible consequences for the universe. You see, if the universe runs out of energy soon, everyone in it, including you and your family, will just waste away into nothing! But don't worry too much — scientists don't think this will happen in your lifetime.

Unit 4 How to get a job?

 

4.1 Discuss in pairs the following questions and compare your answers with your groupmates:

1. Who and what influenced your choice of career?

2. What field of science are you interested in?

3. Do you have any work experience?

4. Is it possible to combine work and study?

5. Would you like to continue your education after graduating the University?

6. What are your special interests?

7. Do you prefer to work on your own or as a part of some team?

 

 








Не нашли, что искали? Воспользуйтесь поиском по сайту:



©2015 - 2024 stydopedia.ru Все материалы защищены законодательством РФ.