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Прочитайте следующие слова и сочетания слов 1-2 раза про себя, затем вслух и постарайтесь запомнить их.bench[bentfl л слой, пачка (пласта) blend[blend] v смешивать(ся); вклинивать(ся) combustion[kam'bASt/эп] п горение, сгорание; spontaneous combustionсамовоспламенение, самовозгорание continuity[Jcontrnju(:)itl] n непрерывность, неразрывность domestic[da'mestik] а внутренний; отечественный estimate['estimelt] v оценивать; ['estimit] n оценка; смета butt[fo:lt] n разлом, сдвиг (породы); сброс; faultingn образование разрывов или сбросов fold[fould] я изгиб, складка, флексура; fouldlngя складчатость, смешение (пласта) без разрыва inflame[m'fleim] v воспламеняться; загорать(ся); Inflammable[m'flcmabl] а воспламеняющийся, горючий, огнеопасный; flame[fleim] я пламя intermediate[.inta'miidjst] a промежуточный; вспомогательный liable['lalabl] a (to) подверженный; подлежащий (чему-л.) lustre[ 'lASta] л блеск (угля, металла); lustrousа блестящий Unit 6
matter['met»] л вещество; материя moisture['moist/a] л влажность, сырость; влага parting['pa:tirj] л прослоек plane[plein] л плоскость; bedding planeплоскость напластования rank[raerjk] л класс, тип; coal rankгруппа угля, тип угля regular['refljula] а правильный; непрерывный; ant Irregularнеправильный; неравномерный; regularityл непрерывность; правильность similar['simlla] а похожий, сходный; подобный; syn alike, the same as smelt[smelt] v плавить (руду); выплавлять (металл) store[sto:] v запасать, хранить на складе; вмещать strata['strata] я pi от stratumпласты породы; свита (пластов); формация, напластования породы; syn measures thickness['вОспй] я мощность (пласта, жилы) uniform['ju:nnb:m] а однородный; равномерный; uniformityл однородность; единообразие utilize['ju:tllaiz] v использовать; syn use, apply, employ volatile['volatail] а летучий, быстро испаряющийся 23. а) Перейдите следующие существительные, образованные с по irregularity, similarity, uniformity б) Заполните пропуски существительными, образовавший от выделенных прилагательных: 1. As a rule coal beds are uniform. They are characterized by the 2. Although coal is not a true mineral, its formation processes are 3. According to their shape mineral deposits can be classified as Переведите слом с префиксом subgroup, subdivision, subsection, subcommittee, substation 25. Прочитайте следующие сочетания слов и переведите их: liable to spontaneous combustion the most abundant deposits ash and sulphur content coking and non-coking qualities high-rank or low-rank coal as many as 72 elements different bands or benches of various thickness domestic fuel inflammable gas lustrous metal brilliant lustre iron ore smelting intermediate substance coal beds thin layers of clay and shale folding and faulting low-volatile bituminous coals Unit 6 26. Определите значения выделенных слов по сходству их корней с coal formation processes; parallelplanes; structurallydisturbed beds of coal; coal classification; ligniteand brown coals; bituminouscoal; anthraciteor "hard" coal; gasificationand cat-bonification; domestic and industrialpurposes of using coal; in briquettedform; to be used intensively;to produce a mixture;researches into new technologies;petrochemical processes 27. Прочитайте текст Б и скажите, какие угли имеют наиболее важное ТЕКСТ Б Coal and Its Classification Coal is the product of vegetable matter that has been formed by the action of decay, weathering, the effects of pressure, temperature and time millions of years ago. Although coal is not a true mineral, its formation processes are similar to those of sedimentary rocks. Structurally coal beds are geological strata characterized by the same irregularities in thickness, uniformity and continuity as other strata of sedimentary origin. Coal beds may consist of essentially uniform continuous strata or like other sedimentary deposits may be made up of different bands or benches of varying thickness. Rack ^----------- t
**i» r*m f*? ~i*f~ ~^~^r nSW&nM
Fig. 3. Seam of coal Fig. 4. Complex seam 152_____________________________________________ Unit 6 Thus, in Fig. 3 one can see a seam limited by two more or less parallel planes, a shape which is typical of sedimentary rocks. The benches may be separated by thin layers of clay, shale, pyrite or other mineral matter, commonly called partings (Fig. 4). Like other sedimentary rocks coal beds may be structurally disturbed by folding and faulting. According to the amount of carbon coals are classified into: brown coals, bituminous coals and anthracite. Brown coals are in their turn subdivided into lignite and common brown coal. Although carbon is the most important element in coal, as many as 72 elements have been found in some coal deposits, including lithium, chromium, cobalt, copper, nickel, tungsten and others. Lignite is intermediate in properties between peat and bitumi nous coal, containing when dry about 60 to 75 per cent of carbon and a variable proportion of ash. Lignite is a low-rank brown-to-black coal containing 30 to 40 per cent of moisture. Developing heat it gives from 2,500 to 4,500 calories. It is easily inflammable but burns with a smoky flame. Lignite is liable to spontaneous combustion. It has been estimated that about 50 per cent of the world's total coal reserves are lignitic. Brown coal is harder than lignite, containing from 60 to 65 per cent of carbon and developing greater heat than lignite (4,000-7,000 calories). It is very combustible and gives a brown powder. Bituminous coal is the most abundant variety, varying from medium to high rank. It is a soft, black, usually banded coal. It gives a black powder and contains 75 to 90 per cent of carbon. It weathers only slightly and may be kept in open piles with little danger of spontaneous combustion if properly stored. Medium-to-low volatile bituminous coals may be of coking quality. Coal is used intensively in blast furnaces for smelting iron ore. There are non-coking varieties of coal. As for the thickness, the beds of this kind of coal are not very thick (1-1.5 metres). The great quantities of bituminous coal are found in the Russian Federation. Anthracite or "hard" coal has a brilliant -lustre containing more than 90 per cent of carbon and low percentage-fit volatile matter. It is used primarily as a domestic fuel, although it can sometimes be blended with bituminous grades of coal to produce a mixture with improved coking qualities. The largest beds of anthracite are found in Russia, the USA and Great Britain. Unit 6______________________________________________ 153 Coal is still of great importance for the development of modern industry. It may be used for domestic and industrial purposes. Being the main source of coke, coal is widely used in the iron and steel industry. Lignite, for example either in the raw state or in briquetted form, is a source of industrial carbon and industrial gases. There is a strong tendency now for increased research into new technologies to utilize coal. No doubt, coal will be used as a raw material for the chemical industry and petrochemical processes. All these processes involve coal conversion which include gasification designed to produce synthetic gas from coal as the basis for hydrogen manufacture, liquefaction (разжижение) for making liquid fuel from coal and other processes. УПРАЖНЕНИЯ 28. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют содержанию текста. 1. Anthracite coals may be divided into lignite and common 2. Coals are ranked according to the percentage of carbon they 3. Peat, with the least amount of carbon is the lowest rank, then 4. Brown coal is hard and it is not liable to spontaneous combus 5. Bituminous coal weathers rapidly and one cannot keep it in 6. Being intensively used in the Iron and steel industry bitumi 7. Anthracite or hard coal, the highest in percentage of carbon, 29. Ответьте на следующие вопросы: 1. What is the classification of coal based on? 2. Is carbon the only element in coal? (Prove it.) 3. Is lignite intermediate in properties between peat and bitumi 4. What heat value does lignite develop when burnt? 5. What coals are liable to spontaneous combustion? 6. What is the difference between lignite and brown coal? 7. Is bituminous coal high- or low-volatile? 154_____________________________________________ Unit 6 8. Does anthracite contain 90 per cent of carbon? 9. Where are the largest deposits of anthracite found? And what 10. What do you know about the utilization of coal? 30. а) Найдите в правой колоне русские эквиваленты следующих слов и 1. spontaneous combustion, а) легковоспламеняющийся газ 2. moisture and ash content 6) высокосортный уголь 3. the most abundant variety в) плавить железную руду 4. in its turn д) содержание влаги и золы 5. the amount of volatile matter e) дымное пламя 6. easily inflammable gas. ж) наиболее широко распростра- 7. brilliant lustre ненные угли 8. to smelt iron ore з) яркий блеск 9. high-rank coal и) в свою очередь 10. a smoky flame к) количество летучих веществ 6) Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты следующих слов н сочетаний слов: 1. тип угля a) heat value 2. некоксующийся уголь б) amount of caibon 3. доменная печь в) coal rank 4. содержание углерода г) to store coal 5. смешиваться с другими углями д) to weather rapidly 6. улучшенного качества е) non-coking coal 7. складировать уголь ж) blast furnace 8. теплотворная способность з) of improved quality 9. быстро выветриваться и) to blend with other coals 31. 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