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RUSSIA

Russia is one of the largest countries of the world. It occupies an area of 17 million square kilometers. Russia is washed by three oceans and twelve seas. It borders on fourteen countries.

The population of Russia is about 150 million people. Russia is a constitutional republic with the President as Head of State. It is one of the leading powers in the world.

The climate of the country varies greatly. The coldest regions are situated in the North and the climate is arctic there. The climate of the central part is continental and in the South it is subtropical.

If you look at the map of Russia you will see the highest mountains in the Caucasus and the Altai, the Urals separating Europe from Asia, many rivers and large lakes. The longest rivers are the Volga in Europe and the Lena in Asia. Lake Baikal is the deepest lake in the world and it has the purest water on the Earth.

Russia is highly developed industrial country. Russia is very rich in natural resources such as oil, coal, gas, gold, diamonds and others. It has the largest oil and gas resources concentrated in Siberia and Far East. It produces cars, machinery, chemicals, textile and many other items.

 


In 1957 our country successfully launched the world's first satellite. The first manned spaceship Vostok piloted by Yuri Gagarin, a citizen of Russia was launched on April 12, 1961. It opened a new era in the history of mankind.

2. Ответьте на следующие вопросы,

a) What is the territory and population of Russia?

b) What kind of country is Russia?

Текст IX

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ISAAK NEWTON

Isaak Newton was born in 1642 in the family of a poor farmer. The boy began his

first scientific experiments at school.

While studying at Cambridge University Newton formulated the binomial theorem.

In 1662 Cambridge was closed because of the plague and Newton returned to his

native village. For the next two years he devoted himself to scientific



experimentation.

Newton's great discovery was the law of decomposition of light. The scientist proved

that the white light of the Sun is composed of rays of light of all colors of the

rainbow. He also discovered the Law of Universal Gravitation which states that

"every particle of matter is attracted by every other particle of matter with a force

inversely proportional to the square of their distance apart".

Newton applied the principle of gravitation to prove that the power which guides the

Moon around the Earth and the planets around the Sun is the force of gravity.

Another application of the law of the universal gravitation was Newton's exploration

of the tides.

Newton was highly honored by his country and in 1703 he was elected President of

the Royal Society. Sir Isaak Newton died in 1727 and was buried in Westminster

Abbey.

2. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.

a) What laws did Newton discover?

b) Can you formulate the Law of Universal Gravitation?

 


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DMITRY MENDELEEV

D.I. Mendeleev was born in 1834 in Tobolsk in the family of the director of the town gymnasium. He received his secondary education in Tobolsk and then entered Petersburg Pedagogical Institute. After graduation he worked as a teacher for two years.

In 1859 he presented his thesis, received his master's degree and went abroad on a two-year scientific commission. Upon his return to Russia he was elected a professor of the St. Petersburg University where he carried on his scientific and pedagogical activity for 23 years.

In 1906 he issued a book under the title Contribution to the Knowledge of Russia which contained thoughts of the further development of Russian industry and economy. The greatest result of Mendeleev's creative effort was the discovery of the Periodic Table of Elements.



One of the Mendeleev's prominent works is his book Principles of Chemistry in which inorganic chemistry was for the first time explained from the standpoint of the Periodic Law.

A great scientist, Mendeleev devoted his life and energies to the progress of his country. His works embrace various fields of science - chemistry, physics, physical chemistry, geophysics.

2. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.

a) What did Mendeleev discover?

b) What fields of science do his works embrace?

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MICHAEL FARADAY

Michael Faraday, English experimental physicist, was born in 1791 in a poor family. The boy began to work as an apprentice at a bookbinder's shop at an early age. One day a man entered the shop and found the boy studying an article on electricity. The man was surprised to see a boy so interested in such a difficult subject and gave him four tickets for the lectures at the Royal Institution.

The boy went to the lectures and made notes of what he heard. At the end of the lecture he came to Sir Humphrey Davy, the great English scientist, and showed him his notes. Davy was surprised. Later he made Faraday his assistant and helped him in his education.

 


Faraday had many important discoveries. Among his works are the concept of the magnetic field and the magnetic lines of forces, production of new kinds of optical glass, and research on electrolysis.

Faraday produced the first mechanical motion by means of a permanent magnet and an electric current. This is the principle upon which the modern electric motor is based.

Faraday was very modest and loved his work more than honors. He refused to become President of the Royai Society and also refused to be knighted.

2. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.

a) What was the boy interested in?

b) Which of Faraday's discoveries do you know?

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CLIMATIC FORECAST FOR THE 21st CENTURY

Pollution is widely in the news nowadays and probably will be for a long time to come. Environmental problems appear in the newspapers almost daily.

According to scientists the buildup of atmospheric C02 (carbon dioxide) has already raised the temperature in the northern hemisphere by 0.3°C since 1970 and will raise it by another 1.5°C by the end of our century. By 2050 the average annual temperature will be 3-4°C higher than it is now, which will gradually change the climate and the water balance. This forecast was made by a group of specialists at the Congress held in Russia Later the World Meteorological Organization made the same forecasts at their conference in Austria.



The scientists say that up till 2000 these climatic changes will not have great effect, however winter will become warmer and summer drier in the continental regions of Eurasia. The summer in the Arctic will become warmer too and the subtropical zone will stretch out northwards. At the beginning of the next century the climate will start changing on a wider scale. Rainfalls will increase in the northern areas and droughts will happen more often in the south. The specialists say that the rise in temperature calls for international cooperation to cope with the problems of water resources and planning in agriculture.

2. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.

a) When will climatic changes have great effect?

b) How can mankind cope with these problems?

 


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ON OXFORD

"The University and City of Oxford are seated on fine rising ground in the midst of a pleasant and fruitful valley... the city is adorned with so many towers, spires and pinnacles, and the sides of the neighbouring hills so sprinkled with trees and villas that scarce any place equals the prospect". Thus wrote John Aycliffe at the beginning of the eighteenth century, and the visitor to Oxford who arrives by train today can see the same spires and pinnacles across a fruitful (and frequently flooded) valley.

The city is obviously small. It is possible to walk to the centre from the railway station down the High Street to the eighteenth-century bridge across the small river separating the old city from its newer suburbs in twenty-five minutes. During that walk the visitor passes many beautiful stone buildings — mediaeval, Renaissance, neo-classical — some with shops on the ground floor, others with doorways leading to ancient courtyards. If the visitor is a stranger, he will probably ask someone to direct him to the University. To this apparently simple question there seems to be no simple answer. Libraries, lecture rooms, museums, the botanical gardens: they are all parts of the university, but they are not exactly its centre. But if the visitor asks for a particular college, he will be directed at once to a specific group of buildings. Those doorways and courtyards belong to colleges which have an actual, physical existence. The 'university' is a more elusive concept.

2. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.

a) What is Oxford famous for?

b) What are the parts of the University?

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