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СОГЛАСОВАНИЕ ВРЕМЕН SEQUENCE OF TENSESСогласованием времен называют в английском языке зависимость времени глагола-сказуемого в придаточном предложении от времени сказуемого главного предложения. Если сказуемое главного предложения выражено глаголом в одной из форм прошедшего времени (обычно в Past Indefinite), то в этом случае глагол придаточного предложения употребляется в одной из форм прошедшего времени или будущего в прошедшем. / was sure that you knew her address. - Я был уверен, что вы знаете ее адрес. 1. Для выражения действия одновременного с действием главного I knew that he had been ill for a long time. - Язнал, что он долго болел. 2. Для выражения действия, предшествующего действию главного С такими указаниями времени, как the day before, three days before,и т.д., выражающими прошедшее время по отношению к другому прошедшему моменту, употребляется Past Perfect. Не said that he had zone to the theatre the day before. - Он сказал, что был в театре накануне. 3. Для выражения будущего действия по отношению к действию / hoped that I should find him at home. - Я надеялся, что застану его дома. Соблюдение правил согласования времен не является обязательным, если сказуемое придаточного предложения выражает обычное действие. Galileo proved that the Earth moves. - Галилей доказал, что Земля вращается. Правило согласования времен характерно при преобразовании прямой речи в косвенную речь. Обстоятельства времени при этом меняются следующим образом:
yesterday - the day before, on the previous day; tomorrow- the next day; ago - before; now - then; last night - the previous night. УСИЛИТЕЛЬНАЯ КОНСТРУКЦИЯ EMPHATIC CONSTRUCTION It is (was)... that (who, when)... Для выделения любого члена предложения в английском языке The Periodic Law of Elements. Периодическую систему элементов.
ТЕКСТЫ ДЛЯ ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНОГО ЧТЕНИЯ Текст I Прочитайте текст. DISTANCE EDUCATION OVER THE WORLD Distance education over the world has a history of more than 100 years. But it gained popularity only after 1970's. Many countries like China, England, Japan, Russia, Spain and the USA use this method especially in higher education. For example, the Open University in England has more than 80,000 students who take about 140 courses per year. That university has 260 local teaching and 13 regional information centers. Such factors as age, place, and daily activity do not serve as limiting factors in distance education. Distance education has two main advantages over traditional classroom education. The first advantage is the solution to the problem of teaching staff shortage and the second one is the low cost of education, which gives many people an opportunity to receive higher education. Distance education is a system of education for different people at any age. This education allows each student to have an individual scheme of study. 2. Ответьте на следующие вопросы. a) What countries use distance education? b) What are the advantages of distance education? Текст II 1. Прочитайте текст. COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES IN THE USA Young people in the USA get higher education in colleges and universities. Students choose "major" subject and take many courses in that country. After four years of study students get the degrees of Bachelor of Science (B.Sc), Bachelor of Philosophy (B. Phi.) or Bachelor of Arts (B.A.), if they study humanities. After a year or two of further study they get a master's degree. If they go on their study and research, they will get a still higher degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.). Higher education trains people to become teachers, engineers or to do other professional work. College students often continue their study at universities. Not all the students get grants. The minimum period of study is two years (in this case they do not get the degree of Ph.D.), three or four years.
Many cities have colleges and universities that hold evening classes as well as daytime classes. People who work in the daytime can get higher education attending evening classes. 2. Ответьте на следующие вопросы. a) When do students get degrees of Bachelor of Science? b) When do students get a master's degree? Текст III 1. Прочитайте текст. MANAGEMENT Management is the art of getting things done through other people. It includes the personnel who have the right to make decisions that influence company's affairs. There are three management levels: top management, middle management and operating management. Top management includes the presidents, vice presidents, and the general managers. Middle management includes department managers and plant managers. Operating management includes supervisors, foremen, etc. The most important responsibility of any manager is decision making. Successful management is a skill of choosing from alternatives. Decision makings are divided into: recognizing the problem, defining and analyzing the problem, evaluating alternative solutions, choosing the most favorable solution and implementing the approach chosen. Management functions are planning, organizing, directing, controlling, staffing and innovating. It should be noted that successful management is based on three basic elements: leadership, motivation and communication. To operate a successful business one should have management skills because effective management is the key to business success. 2. Ответьте на следующие вопросы. a) What is management? b) What are the management functions?
Текст IV Прочитайте текст. COMPUTER SCIENCE Computer science is a part of applied mathematics. Specialists in computer science say that the field of knowledge is very interesting because it deals with the science of mankind future. Computers are intended to improve the productivity of labor of scientists, designers, engineers, managers, and other specialists, because computers offer quick and optimal solutions. One of the main goals of using computers is to shorten the time between designing and manufacturing. Moreover, computers came in our life and our houses and now we can solve our everyday problems with their help. Computers can be divided into simple and complex devices. Simple computers such as calculators can perform addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. As far as complex computers are concerned they can do different logical operations and some of them even have artificial intelligence. Thus in order to elaborate up-to-date and expensive programs as well as to defend them from viruses, it is important to know some programming languages. 2. Ответьте на следующие вопросы. a) What are computers used for? b) What operations can simple and complex computers perform? Текст V 1. Прочитайте текст. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION People have thought that the environment is an unlimited source of resources, that the atmosphere, forests, rivers and seas are capable of absorbing all wastes. The environment supplies the economy of any country with its resources such as timber, minerals and oil. As a result, natural resources are becoming reduced, air and water are polluted, and the environment is unable to absorb all its wastes. For example, waste gases cause acid rains. This leads to forest damage and therefore reduces the resources of forests. Another problem is water shortage resulting from unlimited use of it. The third one is destroying the ozone layer of the Earth through pollution from plants and cars. One more problem is damage to wildlife. It is possible that some kinds of animals can disappear due to people's activities.
Russia is suffering the environmental problems as well. Many of these problems are caused by economic activities. So, we should make our best to solve these problems and to protect our life and the life of further generations. 2. Ответьте на следующие вопросы. a) What leads to environment pollution? b) What is it necessary to do to live in a healthier world? Текст VI Прочитайте текст. THE USA The United States of America lies in the central part of the North American Continent with the Atlantic Ocean to the Hast, the Pacific Ocean to the West, Canada to the North and Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to the South. The USA covers the area of about 3.000.00 square miles. The population of the country is 250 million people. The climate of the country is varied. One can find high mountains and prairies, tropical heat and arctic cold, valleys and deserts because the country occupies nearly half of the continent. The USA is a highly developed industrial country. The main branches of industry are electronic, electrical, metallurgical, textile, chemical and many others. The largest cities of the USA are New York, Los Angeles, Chicago and others. The USA is a federation of 50 states which was established by the Constitution in 1787.Each state has its own government and its own capital city. The Federal Government is headed by the President and the Congress, consisting of Senate and the House of Representatives. 2. Ответьте на следующие вопросы. a) How many states does the USA consist of? b) What does the Congress consist of? Текст VII Прочитайте текст. GREAT BRITAIN The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK) is made up of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The area of the UK is 244.00 square kilometers and its population is 57 million people.
Great Britain has a maritime climate. British winters are mild. Summers are cold and rainy. Fogs often occur in autumn and in winter. Most people live in cities and towns. Great Britain is a country of numerous cities. Birmingham is one of the largest cities in the country. It is well known for its high-quality steels, cars, aircrafts, machinery and electrical engineering equipment. Great Britain is a highly developed country. It is a great producer of coal and steel. Great Britain has shipbuilding, machine-building, automobile industries, chemicals, textiles and others. The industries are concentrated in the central part of the country. This is the so-called "Black Country". South-eastern England has less rain, more sun and more fertile soil. This part of the country is an old commercial and agricultural region and is called "Green England" for its fields. The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy. The monarch has very little power and can only reign with the support of Parliament. Parliament consists of the House of Commons and the House of Lords. 2. Ответьте на следующие вопросы. a) What is the population of Great Britain? b) What region is called "Black Country? 
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