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КРАТКИЙ ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЙ СПРАВОЧНИК





РЕКОМЕНДУЕМЫЙ БИБЛИОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ СПИСОК

1. Английский для бакалавров: Учеб. пособие / Под ред. доц. Г.Д. Орло­вой. -Тула: ТулГУ, 2001.

2. Курс английского языка для вечерних и заочных вузов / А.Н. Андриа­нова и др. - М., 2001.

3. Практическая грамматика английского языка / К.Н. Качалова и др. -М.,2000.

ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННЫЙ БИБЛИОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ СПИСОК

1. Грамматика современного английского языка / Крылова И.П. и др. -М., 2000.

2. Крылова И.П. Сборник упражнений по грамматике английского языка. М, 1999.

 

3. Курашвили Е.И. Учебное пособие по чтению и устной речи для технических вузов. - М, 1991.

4. Английский язык (гуманитарные специальности) / Карачарова Н.М. и др. - Санкт-Петербург, 1997.

5. Полякова Т.Ю. Английский для инженеров. - М., 2000.

6. Солодушкина К.А. Сборник упражнений по основным разделам
грамматики. - Санкт-Петербург, 1996.


СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ……………………………………………………………3

КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ………………………………………………6

Контрольное задание 1……………………………………………………6

Контрольное задание 2………………………………………………...15

Контрольное задание 3…………………………………………………...26



Контрольное задание 4................................................................................ 34

КРАТКИЙ ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЙ СПРАВОЧНИК.……………………..43

ТЕКСТЫ ДЛЯ ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНОГО ЧТЕНИЯ……………………….59


ТРЕБОВАНИЯ К ВЫПОЛНЕНИЮ И ОФОРМЛЕНИЮ КОНТРОЛЬНЫХ РАБОТ

1. Каждое контрольное задание данного методического указания представлено в пяти вариантах. Студеит-заочник выполняет один из пяти вариантов в соответствии с последними цифрами его студенческого шифра. Студент, шифр которого оканчивается на 1 или 2, выполняет первый вариант; на 3-4 - второй вариант; 5-6 - третий вариант; 7-8 - четвертый вариант; 9-10 -пятый вариант.

2. Письменная контрольная работа должна быть оформлена в отдельной тетради. На обложке тетради студент-заочник пишет свою фамилию, имя и отчество, номер контрольной работы, вариант, дату выполнения.

3. Письменная контрольная работа должна быть выполнена авторучкой, аккуратно, четким почерком (или в машинописном виде). При выполнении контрольной работы следует оставлять в тетради широкие поля для замечаний, объяснений и указаний преподавателя-рецензента.



Материал контрольной работы следует располагать в тетради по следующему образцу:

 

Левая страница Правая страница
Поля Английский текст Русский текст Поля

4. Если контрольная работа выполнена без соблюдения вышеизложенных требований, она возвращается без проверки.

5. Строго соблюдайте последовательность выполнения заданий.

6. Текст, предназначенный для письменного перевода, переписывается на левой странице, а перевод на русский язык на правой странице.

7. В конце работы поставьте свою личную подпись.

8. При получении от рецензента проверенной контрольной работы студент-заочник обязан проанализировать отмеченные в работе орфографические и грамматические ошибки или неточности, исправить их в письменном виде в конце данной работы или на отдельном листе, который должен прилагаться к данной контрольной работе,

9. Отрецензированные письменные контрольные работы необходимо сохранять и предъявлять на зачете и экзамене.

10. Перед выполнением контрольного задания рекомендуется изучить грамматические явления, проверяемые в контрольной работе и представленные в кратком грамматическом справочнике данного методического указания или в другой учебной литературе по английскому языку.

 


КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ

Контрольное задание 1.

Для выполнения контрольного задания 1 необходимо проработать следую­щие разделы курса.

1. Структура английского предложения (повествовательное, вопроситель­ное, отрицательное).

2. Имя существительное. Образование множественного числа, особые случаи образования множественного числа существительных.



3. Местоимения (личные, притяжательные, указательные, вопросительные, относительные, неопределенные).

4. Оборот there+ be.

5. Прилагательное. Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий. Сравнительные конструкции.

6. Формы английского глагола.

7. Система времен в активном залоге.

ВАРИАНТ1.

I.Прочитайте, перепишите и переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -S и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

1. показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

2. признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

3. показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного. Образец выполнения 1:

1. In autumn many birds fly I. Осенью многие птицы улетают
to warm countries. в теплые страны.

Birds - множественное число от имени существительного a bird — птица.

2. Most of the London's places of 2. Большинство

interest are situated to the north of достопримечательностей Лондона
the river Thames.. располагаются к северу от Темзы.

London's - притяжательный падеж имени существительного в единственном числе.

3. In the United States Mother's 3. В Соединенных Штатах Америки
Day is the second Sunday in May. День Матери отмечается во второе

воскресенье мая. States - - множественное число от имени существительного state - штат. Mother's - притяжательный падеж имени существительного в единственном числе.

 


1. This dictionary contains all the words in common use.

2. Dictionaries of this kind are useful to translators.

3. To the right of St. Basl's Cathedral rises the main Kremlin tower, the Spasskaya.

4. She was a miner's widow.

5. Nature provides animals with weapons of defense.

II. Прочитайте, перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их,
обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык оборота there +
be.

1. There is a tremendous amount of work to be done in this country on environmental protection.

2. There can be no life without problems.

3. There has been a great deal of progress in these spheres of science.

III. Прочитайте, перепишите и переведите данные предложения, содержа­
щие разные формы сравнения.

1. The most difficult thing about English, as the students say, is prepositions and adverbs.

2. The higher a person's income is, the higher the tax rate is.

3. Japan now has the third largest military budget in the world.
• 4. His radio-set is not so powerful as mine.

5. Today we have loaded three times as much wheat as yesterday.

IV. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая
внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.

1. If you have any news, call me back.

2. It was late. I found nobody in the house.

3. I think there is something wrong with my watch.

V. Прочитайте, перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в них
глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму, указав его
инфинитив. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

Образец выполнения 2:

Lomonosov founded the first Russian Ломоносов основал первый русский

University in Moscow. университет в Москве.

Founded - Past Indefinite Active от стандартного глагола to found.


1. The Federal bureaucracy shapes and implements federal policy.

2. We are currently experiencing a depression.

3. Tremendous changes have taken place in the world for the past 30 years.

4. The development of management skills will not come about solely by reading books or attending courses.

5. In Britain tourism is now supporting about 1.4 million jobs.

VI. Прочитайте и письменно переведите следующий текст

As long as we live we continue to learn, and the education we receive when we are young helps us to continue learning. We are taught to read and write, and are taught many of the essential facts about the world and shown how to sort them out so that later in life we shall be able to find out things ourselves and not to ask other people.

The first teachers were fathers and mothers, but very early in the history of mankind children began to be taught by people other than their fathers and mothers. It is thought that schools first started in Egypt 5,000 to 6,000 years ago, and that it was the invention of writing, which made them necessary. Reading and writing were quite different from the skills used in everyday life, and writing made it possible to store up knowledge, which grew with each generation. Specially trained people were therefore needed to teach it.

In Great Britain the first teachers we read about were craftsmen. They taught children to read, write and count, to cook and mend their own shoes. The teacher could manage-a class of 100 or more by using older pupils or "monitors"to help him.

ВАРИАНТ 2.

I.Прочитайте, перепишите и переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием —S и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

1. показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

2. признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

3. показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
(См. образец выполнения1 в варианте1)

1. Changes happen very quickly here.

2. He owns a big car.

3. The sun's rays reach the Earth's surface trough space.

4. They made a two hours' journey in a train, which stopped at every station.

5. Man's flights to the moon and his safe return to the earth have now left the realm of science fiction.


II. Прочитайте, перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их,
обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык оборота there +
be.

1. There is an official celebration on the day.

2. There were times when Martin was in great need of money.

3. There has been much said recently concerning dissatisfaction with computer installations.

III. Прочитайте, перепишите и переведите данные предложения, содержа­
щие разные формы сравнения.

1. The main trend in our time is towards a healthier political climate in the world.

2. The higher an engineer moves up in an organization, the broader his base of contacts is.

3. The firm has safety equipment to meet the toughest everyday problems.

4. The temperature today is not so high as it was yesterday.

5. I paid for the book half as much as for the dictionary.

IV. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая
внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.

1. She helped him borrow some more money.

2. Will you bring anyone with you or will you come alone?

3. Anything is better than nothing in a situation like this.

V. Прочитайте, перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в них
глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму, указав его инфини­
тив. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

(См. образец выполнения 2 в варианте I)

1. Families in which the husband works while the wife stays at home are no longer in the majority in the US..

2. This technique is now starting to be applied on an increasing scale..

3. When we got to the theater the play had already started.

4. Table I shows the improvement that has taken place in this area over the years since 1990.

5. The cost of power has always tended to increase.

VI. Прочитайте и письменно переведите следующий текст"

New York is a city where all the languages of the world are spoken and where people live on the ground, travel under the ground and work in the sky.

 


New York makes a great impression on all visitors because of its many high buildings, its theatres, museums and hotels, its beautiful bridges, and its expensive shops with their fabulous prices.

The first permanent white settlers came to New York from Holland in 1626. These Dutch settlers bought all of Manhattan Island from the Indians for the equivalent of twenty-five dollars, while today some of this land costs a million dollar an acre. This island is the heart of the city.

It is on the Manhattan Island that most of the skyscrapers are located. This island is connected by six long bridges, as well as by tunnels and ferries, with the other four districts that constitute New York City.

New York is the largest city in the United States. Today there are more people living in the New York City than in Australia, Peru or Sweden.

For transportation New York depends mainly on buses, the subway, taxis and ferries. The buses are slow because of the crowded streets, whereas the subway trains can go as fast as railroad trains.

New York moves vertically as well as horizontally taking its people by elevator to their offices on the fortieth, sixtieth, and eightieth floor.

New York is the richest and the poorest, the most modern and the most old-fashioned of the cities.

ВАРИАНТ 3.

I. Прочитайте, перепишите и переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -S и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

1. показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

2. признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

3. показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
(См. образец выполнения 1 в варианте 1)

1. The lift door opens with some delay.

2. He owns a big car.

3. The sun's rays reach the Earth's surface through a space with a great speed.

4. He was eager to see Dennis who was at the boys' camp somewhere.

5. These are the books he wants so much to complete his father's library.

II. Прочитайте, перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык оборота there + be.

1. There is an incredible waste of raw materials in the country.

2. There have been more than 200 test explosions in the South Pacific islands since 1946.

 


3. There will be a critically widening gap between supply and demand for petroleum in the country.

III. Прочитайте, перепишите и переведите данные предложения,
содержащие разные формы сравнения.

1. The Trans-Siberian railway is the longest in the world.

2. Natural resources and energy are getting scarcer and more expensive.

3. The larger the corporation is, the better it is managed generally.

4. My dictionary is not so good as yours.

5. The letter must be as short as possible.

IV. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая
внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.

1. Go and ask him for some more paper. I haven't any in my desk.

2. He looked at the pictures and did not say anything.

3. Nobody has any right to interfere in this matter.

V. Прочитайте, перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в них
глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму, указав его инфини­
тив. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

(См. образец выполнения 2 в варианте 1)

1. Indeed, with only about 6 percent of the world's population the USA uses about 30 percent of the world's energy.

2. Historically Europe has depended on USA grain and minerals but Europe has now become a major grain exporter.

3. Russia is counting on Western help as it tries to shift to a market-driven economy.

4. He will have no basis for an estimate of oil potential until we have drilled it.

5. News had traveled about the world long before newspapers appeared.

VI. Прочитайте и письменно переведите следующий текст.

London suffered two awful tragedies, at first - the Great Plague and then the Great Fire. In a few months nearly 100,000 people, that is 1/5 of the population died because of the Plague. Sorrow and sadness sat upon every Londoner. And only winter and its cold saved the city and the people.

The Great Fire happened through carelessness of a young baker who left a small bundle of wood near a very hot oven. In a few hours all the houses made of wood were burning like paper. That fire destroyed 3000 houses and at least 97 churches.

Fortunately the wind soon stopped and then heavy rain fell. Thus London was saved.

 


1. Officials are worried that demonstrations may become bigger and more violent.

2. The greater the rate of growth of the economy, the greater the increase in the level of well-being.

3. Most companies are seeking to employ their capital to its fullest extent in business.

4. My trunk is half the weight of yours.

5. He is not as strong as his brother.

IV. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая
внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.

1. There is hardly any place in this house where we can talk alone.

2. When we get there it may be too late to do anything.

3. Somebody has been here before us.

V. Прочитайте, перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в них
глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму, указав его
инфинитив. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

(См. образец выполнения 2 в варианте 1)

1. In the winter months the queue to this museum thins out.

2. Japan is stepping in to take over leadership in this field.

3. Prices have changed dramatically over the past two years.

4. He went to the telephone and called the Canadian Prime Minister with whom he had dinned the night before.

5. He will have done everything by Monday morning.

VI. Прочитайте и письменно переведите следующий текст.

The word smog comes from smoke and fog. Smog is a sort of fog with other substances mixed in. Smog has been here for a long time. Billions of years ago volcanoes sent millions of tons of ash and smoke into the air. Winds whipped up dust clouds. Animal and vegetable matter decayed adding polluting gases.

When people came along they began to produce their own kind of air pollution. They discovered fire. In the Middle Ages people in cities such as London used soft coal to heat their homes. The smoke from these fires combined with moisture in the air produced dense layers of smog. The smog would blanket the city for days particularly in winter. The heat generated in large cities tends to circulate air within a dome like shape. This traps the smog and holds it over the city.

Smog and the chemicals and other substances in it can be harmful even deadly. Smog blurs vision. It irritates the eyes, the throat and the lungs. Eyes water, throat get sore, people cough. Smog can make people ill. And it can make sick people sicker. Air pollution has also a harmful effect on the environment. Food crops and animals

 


1. Officials are worried that demonstrations may become bigger and more violent.

2. The greater the rate of growth of the economy, the greater the increase in the level of well-being.

3. Most companies are seeking to employ their capital to its fullest extent in business.

4. My trunk is half the weight of yours.

5. He is not as strong as his brother.

IV. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая
внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.

1. There is hardly any place in this house where we can talk alone.

2. When we get there it may be too late to do anything.

3. Somebody has been here before us.

V. Прочитайте, перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в них
глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму, указав его
инфинитив. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

(См. образец выполнения 2 в варианте 1)

1. In the winter months the queue to this museum thins out.

2. Japan is stepping in to take over leadership in this field.

3. Prices have changed dramatically over the past two years.

4. He went to the telephone and called the Canadian Prime Minister with whom he had dinned the night before.

5. He will have done everything by Monday morning.

VI. Прочитайте и письменно переведите следующий текст.

The word smog comes from smoke and fog. Smog is a sort of fog with other substances mixed in. Smog has been here for a long time. Billions of years ago volcanoes sent millions of tons of ash and smoke into the air. Winds whipped up dust clouds. Animal and vegetable matter decayed adding polluting gases.

When people came along they began to produce their own kind of air pollution. They discovered fire. In the Middle Ages people in cities such as London used soft coal to heat their homes. The smoke from these fires combined with moisture in the air produced dense layers of smog. The smog would blanket the city for days particularly in winter. The heat generated in large cities tends to circulate air within a dome like shape. This traps the smog and holds it over the city.

Smog and the chemicals and other substances in it can be harmful even deadly. Smog blurs vision. It irritates the eyes, the throat and the lungs. Eyes water, throat get sore, people cough. Smog can make people ill. And it can make sick people sicker. Air pollution has also a harmful effect on the environment. Food crops and animals

 


suffer. Paint may peel from houses. It is obvious that we must do everything possible to reduce man-made atmospheric pollutants and smog.

ВАРИАНТ 5.

I.Прочитайте, перепишите и переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -S и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

1. показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

2. признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

3. показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
(См. образец выполнения 1 в варианте 1)

1. Changes happen very quickly here.

2. He owns a big and nice house.

3. The sun's rays are the source of the Earth's life.

4. I am sure he knows far more about their country's history than they do.

5. It was a habit of John's not to tell you things and then assume that you know all about them.

II. Прочитайте, перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их,
обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык оборота there +
be.

1.There is an official celebration on the day.

2. There were times when we were in great need of money.

3. There has been much said recently concerning dissatisfaction with computer installations.

III. Прочитайте, перепишите и переведите данные предложения, содержа­
щие разные формы сравнения.

1. The main trend in our time is towards a healthier political climate in the world.

2. The higher an engineer moves up in an organization, the broader his base of contacts is.

3. The firm has safety equipment to meet the toughest everyday problems.

4. Our office is not as large as theirs.

5. He has twice as many books as I.

IV. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая
внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.

 


1. She helped him borrow some more money.

2. Will you bring anyone with you or will you come alone?

3. Anything is better than nothing in a situation like this.

V. Прочитайте, перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в них
глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму, указав его инфини­
тив. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

(См. образен выполнения 2 в варианте 1)

1. Families in which the husband works while the wife stays at home are no longer in the majority in the USA.

2. This technique is now starting to be applied on an increasing scale.

3. When we got to the theater the play had already started.

4. If the book costs 20 DM to produce, its price will have doubled by the time it makes its way to the local bookstore.

5. I shall be back at five. I hope you will have had a good rest by that time.

VI. Прочитайте и письменно переведите следующий текст

Smog along with smoke is the most visible evidence of atmospheric pollution. But some atmospheric pollution is not visible and may not become visible until it is mixed with moisture. Lead compounds from leaded gasoline, hydrocarbons (unburned gasoline), carbon monoxide and pother gases may pollute the air without being seen. All air is polluted to some extent. That is, all air carries some polluting substances. Many of them are natural: smoke and ash from volcanoes, dust stirred up by wind, compounds given off by growing vegetation, gases given off by rotting animals and vegetable matter, salt particles from oceans, and so on.

Man adds to these pollutants by burning coal, oil, gas, gasoline and many other things. For example, fuels such as coal, gasoline, and wood contain hydrogen and carbon in various chemical combinations. During combustion oxygen unites with the hydrogen and carbon to form water (H20), carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (C02).

In addition, many fuels contain sulfur that burns to produce sulftir oxides. Also, in the heat of combustion some of the nitrogen in the air combines with oxygen to form nitrogen oxides (NO2). Some of the fuel may not burn completely, so that smoke and ash are formed. Smoke is simply particles of unburned fuel and soot called particulates mixed with air.

Контрольное задание 2.

Для выполнения контрольного задания 2 необходимо проработать следую­щие разделы курса:

1. Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.

2. Система времен в пассивном залоге.


3. Особенности употребления пассивного залога в английском языке по сравнению с русским.

4. Многофункциональность глаголов to beи to have.

ВАРИАНТ 1.

I. Прочитайте и перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол. Переведите письменно эти предложения на русский язык.

1. If the market becomes too saturated, demand may drop off.

2. Scientists could not make a detailed examination of the environmental damage.

3. Visitors should not be shown around the plant.

4. Workers must be allowed to choose the form of organization that expresses their view.

5. In all that people can individually do for themselves, government ought not to interfere. (A.Lincoln).

II. Прочитайте и перепишите приведенные ниже предложения, подчерк­
ните в каждом из них синоним или эквивалент модального глагола. Определите
модальный глагол, синонимом или эквивалентом которого он является. Переве­
дите предложения на русский язык.

Образец выполнения 1:

These machines are to replace the old Эти механизмы должны
equipment of our shop. заменить старое оборудование

нашего цеха Areto - синоним модального глагола сап в Present Indefinite Active, мн. число.

1. Presidents have to use their large staff to help them become aware of different ideas around the country.

2. Top management now is to spend an increasingly greater proportion of its time on people, rather than machines, methods, or money.

3. Young and well-trained workers will be able to adapt to such a system.

4. Experts are not allowed to overlook such a serious mistake.

5. The batteries are not to be kept uncharged.

III. Прочитайте и перепишите приведенные ниже предложения. Подчерк­
ните в каждом из них глагол в Passive Voice, проанализируйте данные глаголы
и письменно переведите эти предложения на русский язык.

Образец выполнения 2:

The following examples were made use of. Были использованы следующие

примеры. Were made - Past Indefinite Passive от нестандартного глагола to make.

1. The wages these workers earn are paid out of the Federal Government funds.

 


2. Over 21 million people were aided.

3. When various parts were being assembled, certain shortcomings in the design became apparent.

4. Real wages have been cut in half in the last 10 years.

5. All candidates are questioned on topics they have chosen themselves.

IV. Прочитайте и перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них
глаголы tobe, to have.Определите по грамматическим признакам, являются ли
указанные глаголы: а) смысловыми; б) вспомогательными; в) эквивалентами
или синонимами модального глагола (и какого); г) глаголом-связкой.

1. The Japanese have much to offer in management to human systems.

2. These industries are moving into the early stages of recovery from recession.

3. The agent was to ship the goods immediately.

4. The instrument box is heavy.

V. Перепишите предложения с выделенными в них словами и переведите
данные предложения, обращая внимание на перевод выделенных словосоче­
таний.

1. It was Mrs. Presley's doctor whoprescribed her the medicine.

2. It wasa sound of footsteps thatarouse her from the dreamy state.

3. He had neitherbooks norjournals with him.

4. Quite suddenly bothRosemary andAntonia noticed a movement in the garden.

5. You may get there eitherby tram orby bus.

VI. Прочитайте и письменно переведите следующий текст

Los Angeles is a large city set in a basin with about 7,000,000 inhabitants. It is surrounded on three sides by mountains and on the fourth one by the Pacific Ocean. When the wind blows out over the ocean it sweeps away pollutants. But at other times the air is stagnant. Smoke and other pollutants from industry and automobiles do not blow away. They just build up into a thick, smelly, foggy layer of smog. The location of Los Angeles plus all the people and industry there make it one of the biggest "smog center" in the country. And it is Los Angeles, which has led in measures to reduce smog.

Los Angeles has banned unrestricted burning, for example, burning trash. Incinerators without pollution controls were outlawed. Industry was forced to change combustion processes and add controls to reduce pollutants coming from their chimneys. Laws were passed that required the addition of emission controls on automobiles. All these measures have significantly reduced atmospheric pollution in the Los Angeles area.

If not controlled, the automobile can give off pollutants from four places. Pollutants can come from the fuel tank and carburetor. Pollutants from the crankcase

 


consist of partly burned air-fuel mixture that has blown by the piston ring. Pollutants from the tail pipe consist of partly burned gasoline (HC). carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (N02), and - if there is sulfur in the gasoline - sulfur oxides (S02).

ВАРИАНТ 2.

I. Прочитайте и перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол. Переведите письменно эти предложения на русский язык.

1. No one can ever tell when he is being serious and when he is joking.

2. After 2000 other fuels must pick up an increasing share of the energy load from petroleum.

3. The teacher said they could all go home.

4. Some of those views may be of some value to others.

5. Every task should be done by the most junior person who can handle it competently.

II. Прочитайте и перепишите приведенные ниже предложения,
подчеркните в каждом из них эквивалент модального глагола. Определите мо­
дальный глагол, эквивалентом которого он является. Переведите предложения
на русский язык.

(См. образец выполнения 1 в варианте 1.)

1. When oil shipment from the Middle East ended, American motorists had to wait in long lines to purchase gasoline.

2. Nearly 1,000 workers are to lose their jobs in a series of redundancies announced yesterday.

3. People in other lands who have suffered from earthquakes and other natural disasters or who face starvation from food shortage have been able to look to the United Sates for help in these emergencies.

4. Tutors and teachers are not allowed to raise voices at their pupils and students.

5. Old machinery is to be replaced next month.

III. Прочитайте и перепишите приведенные ниже предложения.
Подчеркните в каждом из них глагол в Passive Voice, проанализируйте данные
глаголы и письменно переведите эти предложения на русский язык.

(См. образеи выполнения 2 в варианте 1.)

1. Yesterday the student protest was joined by about 200 local journalists.

2. Computers are now being used to compile information on numerous social problems existing in our society.

3. Much has been said recently about air pollution and its effect on the environment.

 


4. The journal is meant to interest businessmen as well as economists.

5. The Labor Party in England has been elected to power several times since the 1920s.

IV. Прочитайте и перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них
глаголы tobe, to have.Определите по грамматическим признакам, являются ли
указанные глаголы: а) смысловыми; б) вспомогательными; в) эквивалентами
или синонимами модального глагола (и какого); г) глаголом-связкой.

1. The company has its own forging and casting facilities.

2. Over the decade or so there has been a tremendous upsurge of interest in marketing.

3. Americans will have to make deep changes in perspective.

4. Since 1999 this company has been developing sophisticated computer techniques.

V. Перепишите предложения с выделенными в них словами и переведите
данные предложения, обращая внимание на перевод выделенных словосоче­
таний.

1. It wasGemma whoreturned with milk to make coffee for Gadfly.

2. It is Yasnay Polayna wherethe great Russian writer Leo Tolstoy was born.

3. NeitherMr. Pickwick norhis three companions noticed a stranger nearby.

4. Bothrain andwind were sharp and cold. •

5. The mirror was so small that she could see eitherone half of her face orthe other one.

VI. Прочитайте и письменно переведите следующий текст

Man has always been a builder. The kind of house he built depended upon the climate, upon his enemies, and upon the building materials at hand. The first houses in many parts of the world were made of wood, for in those days the greater part of the Earth was covered with forests. Men tied together the tops of several trees and covered them with the skin of animals or with leaves and grass. So a tent or a hut was the first house of the primitive people who lived where there was mush wood.

In other regions the most convenient building material was stone. Men began building houses out of stones very long ago. Although they were built without cement, the remains of a few of them still exist.

The 20th century is notable for widespread use of steel - reinforced concrete. Huge reinforced concrete units manufactured in heated factory premises are brought to the site, which becomes sometimes like an assembly shop. This technique has many advantages over other building methods. First of all it cuts the labor needed for building 60 to 70 % and extends the building season what is very important for countries where winter lasts for many months. Furthermore the duration of building is greatly cut. All this makes the building process expensive and much less laborious.

 


Very high buildings - particularly skyscrapers, characterize architecture of the 20th century and by great diversity of styles which completely differ from those of the past.

ВАРИАНТ 3.

I. Прочитайте и перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каж­дом из них модальный глагол. Переведите письменно эти предложения на рус­ский язык.

1. These problems can be largely overcome by use of high-speed digital computers.

2. I have told you this so you may take precautions.

3. It is widely agreed that macro-scale manpower planning must be linked to economic planning and education planning.

4. You ought to have told us about it, now we don't know what we should do.

5. The aim of automation should not be to eliminate jobs, but to improve the quality of life.

II. Прочитайте и перепишите приведенные ниже предложения,
подчеркните в каждом из них эквивалент модального глагола. Определите мо­
дальный глагол, эквивалентом которого он является. Переведите предложения
на русский язык.

(См. образец выполнения 1 в варианте 1.)

1. Reward and recognition are to be in the form of advancement and higher salaries.

2. Training in the management sciences and operation research has to be emphasized in business schools.

3. Cindy was not able to laugh aloud. Instead, she nodded.

4. Company employees have been allowed to purchase some of its stocks.

5. Hundreds of factories making machines and equipment are to change to
consumer goods production next year.

III. Прочитайте и перепишите приведенные ниже предложения.
Подчеркните в каждом из них глагол в Passive Voice, проанализируйте данные
глаголы и письменно переведите эти предложения на русский язык.

(См. образен выполнения 2 в варианте 1.)

1. In Australia English is spoken by more than 99 per cent of the population.

2. The ability of an economy to respond flexibly to external market forces has been referred to as its ability to adjust.

3. In view of personnel shortages, the construction plans are not being fulfilled.

4. His proposal may be objected to.

5. New information should not be ignored.

 


IV. Прочитайте и перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них
глаголы to be, to have.Определите по грамматическим признакам, являются ли
указанные глаголы: а) смысловыми; б) вспомогательными; в) эквивалентами
модального глагола (и какого); г) глаголом-связкой.

1. The primary goal in implementing the change is to minimize risk.

2. She was asked her opinion on the Equal rights Amendment.

3. The office block was not far from the metro station.

4. France's steel monopolies are using the same tactics as their US and Britain counterparts.

V. Перепишите предложения с выделенными в них словами и переведите
данные предложения, обращая внимание на перевод выделенных
словосочетаний.

1. It isEnglish thathas become an international communication language.

2. It wasEleanor whoproduced her arm to him first.

3. Neitherin the sitting room norin the other rooms there was anybody in the apartment.

4. Bothstorm andheavy snow rushed over the town.

5. They skid eitherin a forest orin the wood nearby.

VI. Прочитайте и письменно переведите следующий текст

In ancient Russia architecture flourished for the first time in the Kiev Russ. Unfortunately only a few of thechurch buildings of that period have remained, among them the famous Cathedral of St. Sophia, the cornerstone of which was laid in 1037 to commemorate the victory over the Pechenegs. The churches of that time were strong buildings with thick walls and small windows. They often had to serve as fortresses against enemy invasions. During the Second World War the finest ancient architectural monuments were destroyed and great effort has gone into restoring them.

In the Middle Ages in Europe numerous wars between different nations caused great damages to the houses of crowded medieval towns. Therefore many monarchs and nobles built castles as a form of defense. Those castles had very strong walls, narrow windows and projecting fortifications.

The Renaissance, which was a European movement, lasted roughly from the 14,h to the 17th century. During that period arts and sciences underwent great changes. In architecture those changes were marked by a return to classical forms and proportions of ancient Roman buildings.

Buildings of the 19th century are characterized by the use of new materials and by a great diversity of architectural styles. From the end of the 18th century iron and steel became widely used as alternatives to wood, for by that time many countries experienced shortage of that material. Later the Industrial Revolution brought mass-

 


production of construction elements that were manufactured at a factory and then simply assembled at a site.

ВАРИАНТ 4.

I. Прочитайте и перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в
каждом из них модальный глагол. Переведите письменно эти предложения на
русский язык.

1. An employee should know his salary range and whether his pay is competitive with the others at his level in the community.

2. We ought to have massive retraining programs about the computers for present teachers.

3. The same number of officials who ran a country of 50 million people cannot govern a country of 230 million people.

4. Both large and small firms may follow these regulations.

5. Any engineering product must meet some needs and be available at an
economic price.

II. Прочитайте и перепишите приведенные ниже предложения,
подчеркните в каждом из них эквивалент модального глагола. Определите
модальный глагол, эквивалентом которого он является. Переведите предложе­
ния на русский язык.

(См. образец выполнения I в варианте 1.)

1. There arc many other economic relationships that have to be taken into consideration.

2. The world changes and we are to change with it.

3. New office block is not allowed to build without a local authorities' authorization.

4. We were able to discharge the steamer in twenty-four hours.

5. Enterprises are not permitted to pollute without regard to the long-term consequences.

III. Прочитайте и перепишите приведенные ниже предложения.
Подчеркните в каждом из них глагол в Passive Voice, проанализируйте данные
глаголы и письменно переведите эти предложения на русский язык.

(См. образец выполнения 2 в варианте 1.)

1. Various topics are dealt with in the book.

2. The Stone Age was followed by the Age of Bronze.

3. The electric motor may be relied upon, for it is of the latest design.

4. Denver is a clean city, residential areas are well spaced and beautifully
landscaped.

5. Few lives have not been affected by the personal computer in one way or
another.


IV. Прочитайте и перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них
глаголы tobe, to have.Определите по грамматическим признакам, являются ли
указанные глаголы: а) смысловыми; б) вспомогательными; в) эквивалентами
модального глагола (и какого); г) глаголом-связкой.

1. One assumes that if one has the genetic endowment for creativity, it will express itself, no matter what obstacles there are.

2. Mobile Corporation is the third largest US industrial corporation in terms of assets, behind Exon and General Motors.

3. The museum is well worth a visit.

4. The performance of each leader was to be measured only by the results achieved.

V. Перепишите предложения с выделенными в них словами и переведите
данные предложения, обращая внимание на перевод выделенных словосоче­
таний.

1. It washe whowas extremely considerate to a poor girl.

2. It wasthe Japanese artillery bombarding thatthe General listened to that evening.

3. Neitherthe children northeir parents were kind and polite to Oliver.

4. Bothuncle Titus andhis brother-in-law rose from the sofa and placed a chair for her to sit down upon.

5. Eithera minute ortwo passed and there was a sound of whistle.

VI. Прочитайте и письменно переведите следующий текст

One of the mankind's earliest and greatest inventions was the wheel. Without it there could be no industry, little transportation or communication, only crude farming, no electric power.

Nobody knows when the wheel was invented. There is no trace of the wheel during the Stone Age and the American Indians did not know it until the White Man came. In the Old World it came into use during the Bronze Age when horses and oxen were used as work animals. At first all wheels were solid discs.

The problem to be solved was to make the wheels lighter and at the same time keep them strong. At first holes were made in the wheels and they became somewhat lighter. Then wheels with spokes were made. Finally, the wheel was covered with iron and then with rubber.

Light two-wheeled carriages were used widely in the ancient world. As time passed they were made lighter, stronger and better. Later people joined together a pair of two-wheeled carts into a four-wheeled vehicle. At first only kings and queens had the privilege of driving in them.

In the West the first steam carriage was invented in France. The three-wheeled machine had the front wheel driven by a two-cylinder steam engine. It carried two

 


people along the road at a walking pace. It was not a great success, as the boiler did not produce enough steam for keeping the carriage going for more than about 15 minutes.

ВАРИАНТ 5.

I. Прочитайте и перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в
каждом из них модальный глагол. Переведите письменно эти предложения на
русский язык.

1. Teachers should not be ill-educated people.

2. Chicago alone cannot solve all its budget problems without some federal help.

3. Aging may be programmed by changes in the brain.

4. Company assistant must be able to articulate these goals in a simple form to potential investors.

5. People ought to help each other.

II. Прочитайте и перепишите приведенные ниже предложения,
подчеркните в каждом из них эквивалент модального глагола. Определите
модальный глагол, эквивалентом которого он является. Переведите предложе­
ния на русский язык.

(См. образец выполнения 1 в варианте 1.)

1. Unity has to be fought for consistently.

2. An economic shock program is to be well prepared and comprehensive.

3. The President of the agency is able to appoint as well as to fire the agency
heads.

4. Training courses are permitted to attend freely.

5. He is not able to run a company.

III. Прочитайте и перепишите приведенные ниже предложения.
Подчеркните в каждом из них глагол в Passive Voice, проанализируйте данные
глаголы и письменно переведите эти предложения на русский язык.

(См. образен выполнения 2 в варианте 1.)

1. They were given only three tickets instead of five..

2. The parade will be followed by a rally.

3. He ^as not been heard of since September.

4. In the present conditions the task of overcoming the budget imbalance is being put into the foreground.

5. Both courses will be run over nine weeks with attendance one night a week.


IV. Прочитайте и перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них
глаголы to be, to have.Определите по грамматическим признакам, являются ли
указанные глаголы: а) смысловыми; б) вспомогательными; в) эквивалентами
модального глагола (и какого); г) глаголом-связкой.

1. It is clear that the UK is going to have to face up to two major challenges within the next decade - new technologies and growing industrialization in the third World.

2. Concern about environment, concern about safety and health have greatly increased the direct impact of the public on business activities.

3. The real problem is to ensure that no banks indulge in bad banking practice.

4. Sound management skills are to become a basic necessity.

V. Перепишите предложения с выделенными в них словами и переведите
данные предложения, обращая внимание на перевод выделенных словосо­
четаний.

1. It was Paul whoentered tentatively after knocking and getting no reply.

2. It was the sound of the telephone ringing thatwoken every nerve of his body.

 








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