CHOOSE THE EXAMPLES OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS ACCORDING TO THE FOLLOWING CATEGORIES AND PROVE YOUR ANSWER.

1) phraseological units with proper names
2) phraseological units with the names of animals
3) phraseological units with the name of parts of body
4) phraseological units with the names of birds or fish
hearty as a back, as busy as a bee, the right-hand man, Cassandra warnings, dumb Dora, never poke one’s nose out, lame duck, to teach a bite, Uncle Sam, to have blood on one’s hands, to take the bull by the horns, to wear heart on smb’s sleeve, to kill the goose that laid on the golden egg, as cold as wolf, as dull as a mouse, spoil the Egyptians, to hand in glove with someone, to keep someone at arms length, as drunk as a boiled owl, not a dry eye in the house, come Yorkshire over smb, put heads together, proud as a dog with two tails.

ANSWER:

Phraseological units with proper names: Cassandra warnings, dumb Dora, Uncle Sam, spoil the Egyptians, come Yorkshire over smb

Phraseological units with the names of animals: to take the bull by the horns ,as cold as wolf, as dull as a mouse, proud as a dog with two tails

Phraseological units with the name of parts of body: proud as a dog with two tails, hearty as a back, the right-hand man, , never poke one’s nose out, to have blood on one’s hands, to wear heart on smb’s sleeve, to hand in glove with someone, to keep someone at arms length, , not a dry eye in the house, put heads together,

Phraseological units with the names of birds or fish: as busy as a bee, lame duck, to teach a bite, to kill the goose that laid on the golden egg, as drunk as a boiled owl

THERE GIVEN THREE CONTROVERSIAL PROBLEMS IN THE FIELD OF TERMINOLOGY. GIVE YOUR SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTIC ON EACH PROBLEM AND SAY WHICH OF THEM DO YOU MOSTLY CLOSE TO AND WHY.

1) a term loses its terminological status when it comes into common usage. Under the circumstances numerous terms pass into general usage;
2) there are linguists in whose opinion terms are only those words which have retained their exclusiveness and are not known or recognized outside their specific sphere;
3) according to some linguists an ideal term should be monosemantic. Polysemantic terms may lead to misunderstanding and that is a serious in professional communication.

Answer:

Being mostly independent of the context a term can have no contextual meaning whatever. The only meaning possible is a denotational free meaning. No emotional colouring or evaluation are possible when the term is used within its proper sphere. A term can obtain a figurative or emotionally coloured meaning only when takes out of its sphere and used in literary or colloquial speech.

MATCH THE FOLLOWING PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS WITH THEIR MEANINGS. THEN GIVE THEIR EQUIVALENT IN YOUR MOTHER TONGUE AND PROVE YOU UNDERSTAND THE MEANING OF THEM.

1) a dark horse
2) a bull in a china shop
3) a white elephant
4) the green-eyed monster
5) to let the cat out of the bag
6) to bark up the wrong tree
7) to cut somebody dead
8) to drop a brick
9) to wash someone’s dirty linen in public
10) to be in the soup
a) to be in trouble
b) to rudely ignore smb, to pretent not to know or recognize
c) a person about whom no one knows anything definite
d) to look for smb or smth in a wrong place
e) to talk about unpleasant or personal matters in front of other people
f) to be jealous or feel envy
g) to let some secret become known
h) a valuable object which involves great expense or trouble for its owner
i) to say unintentionally a quite indiscreet or tactless thing shocks and offends people
j) a clumsy person, very awkward

Answer:

A dark horse -c

A bull in a china shop -j

A white elephant -h

The green-eyed monster -f

To let the cat out of the bag -g

To bark up the wrong tree- d

To cut somebody dead -b

To drop a brick -i

To wash someone’s dirty linen in public -e

To be in the soup –a

GIVE A PLAN OF A SEMINAR DEVOTED TO THE PROBLEMS OF TERMS. IDENTIFY ITS AIMS AND OBJECTIVES, SUMMARY AND LIST OF PROBLEMATIC QUESTIONS.

Answer:

There are several controversial problems in the field of terminology.

Whether a term loses its terminological status when it comes nto common usage. Under the circumstances numerous terms pass into general usage without losing connection with their specific fields.

There are linguists in whose opinion terms are only those words which have retained their exclusiveness and are not known or recognized outside their specific sphere.

According to some linguists, an ideal term should be monosemantic. Polysemantic terms may lead to misunderstanding and that is a serious problem in professional communication.

60) COMMENT ON THE GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF HOMONYMS AND COMPARE THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES WITH THE TYPE:

1) night-knight, piece-peace, sent-cent, rite-write ( the same in sound but different in spelling)

2) lead-lead, sewer-sewer, tear-tear, wind-wind ( different in sound but same in spelling)

3) ball-ball, bank-bank, rose-rose, back-back (the same in spelling and sound)

Answer:

Night-knight, piece-peace, sent-cent, rite-write ( the same in sound but different in spelling) -homophones

Lead-lead, sewer-sewer, tear-tear, wind-wind ( different in sound but same in spelling) -homograps

Ball-ball, bank-bank, rose-rose, back-back (the same in spelling and sound) –homonyms proper

DEFINE THE RESULTS OF SEMANTIC CHANGE FROM DENOTATIONAL AND CONNOTATIONAL POINTS OF VIEW. MATCH THE CHANGE OF WORD MEANING WITH THEIR EQUIVALENTS, SUPPLY WITH YOUR OWN EXAMPLES.

1)generalization of meaning
2) specialization of meaning
3) pejoration of meaning
4) amelioration of meaning

a) extension
b) degradation
c) for definite purpose
d) widening
e) narrowing
f) elevation
g) better in the course of time
h) worse in the course of time
i) common use

Answer:

Generalization of meaning –a,d,i

Specialization of meaning – c,e

Pejoration of meaning –b, h

Amelioration of meaning –f,g

EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF THE FOLLOWING PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS AND SAY IF THE EQUIVALENTS THE SAME OR DIFFERENT IN YOUR MOTHER TONGUE.

1) play cats and dogs
2) to lose one’s heart
3) a wolf in sheep’s clothing
4) to skate in thin ice
5) to look a gift horse in the mouth

ANSWER:

Play cats and dogs-

To lose one’s heart – to fall in love with sb/sth

A wolf in sheep’s clothing –a person who seems to be friendly or harmless but is really an enemy

To skate in thin ice-to take a risk

To look a gift horse in the mouth –to refuse or criticize sth that is given to you for nothing (usually negative)

63) GIVE THE MAJOR CRITERIA FOR DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS AND FREE WORD GROUPS AND PROVERBS. CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES AND ANALYZE IF THEY ARE PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS OR PROVERBS:

1) We never know the value of the water till the well is dry.
2) I’m told they are inviting more American professors to this university. Isn’t it rather carrying coals to Newcastle?
3) You can take the horse to the water, but you cannot make him drink.
4) Those who live in glass houses shouldn’t throw stones.
5) Oh. Said Arthur, someone might have bought the things cheap at an auction and put them by for a rainy day.

ANSWER

Proverb 2) phraseolog 3)proverb 4)proverb 5)phraseology

64) GIVE YOUR POINTS OF VIEW ON THE LEARNED WORDS AND THEIR ROLE IN THE STUDENT’S FUNCTIONAL AND RECOGNITION VOCABULARIES.ANALYZE THE EXTRACT AND SAY WHAT TYPE OF GROUPING THEY BELONG TO AND STYLE OF IT:

“A bat has noiselessly appropriated the space between, a flittering weaving almost substancelessfragment of the invading dark. …A collared dove groaned once in the final light. A pink rose reclining upon the big box hedge glimmered with contained electric luminosity. A blackbird, trying to metamorphose itself into a nightgale, began a long passionate complicated song.”

Learnedwords.

4. They are associated with printed pages.

5. Sphere of usage; they are used by educated and highly educated people.

6. They are subdivided into:

o Scientific prose -identified by their dry flavour: comprise, compile, homogeneous.

o Officialese -words of the official, bueurocratic language. They should be avoided in speech: to assist - to help, to proceed - to go, approximately - about.

o Literary words -described as refined, they are used in descriptive passages of fiction. They are represented by the words of Roman languages and though fully adopted to English phonetic system still sound foreign: solitude, sentiment, fascination, cordial, allusive.

o Modes of poetic diction -they are lofty, high-flown, archaic, coloured, used only in poetry: alas, constancy -верность, duth - do.

ANSWER

Stylistically neutral and stylistically colored grouping :formal,learned words, fiction, prose

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