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Relations with the Soviet Union





Классическими произведениями ораторского искусства и вершиной ораторского мастерства Черчилля считаются три его речи, произнесенные в парламенте 1940 году.

В первой своей речи в качестве премьера, 13 мая, известной под названием «Кровь, пот и слезы» (Blood, Sweat, and Tears), Черчилль заявил:

I would say to the House, as I said to those who've joined this government: "I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat." We have before us an ordeal of the most grievous kind. We have before us many, many long months of struggle and of suffering. You ask, what is our policy? I will say: It is to wage war, by sea, land and air, with all our might and with all the strength that God can give us; to wage war against a monstrous tyranny, never surpassed in the dark and lamentable catalogue of human crime. That is our policy. You ask, what is our aim? I can answer in one word: victory. Victory at all costs, victory in spite of all terror, victory, however long and hard the road may be; for without victory, there is no survival. Let that be realised; no survival for the British Empire, no survival for all that the British Empire has stood for, no survival for the urge and impulse of the ages, that mankind will move forward towards its goal. But I take up my task with buoyancy and hope. I feel sure that our cause will not be suffered to fail among men. At this time I feel entitled to claim the aid of all, and I say, "Come then, let us go forward together with our united strength."

Речи, посвященные отношениям с СССР

Вечером 22 июня 1941 года Черчилль произнес по радио речь, посвященную нападению Германии на СССР. Он подчеркнул, что не отрекается от своей негативной оценки коммунизма, но считает Гитлера главным общим врагом, и потому от имени Великобритании пообещал СССР всемерную помощь и поддержку:



Нацистский режим неотличим от худших черт коммунизма. Он лишён каких-либо принципов и основ, кроме ненавистного аппетита к расовому доминированию. Он изощрён во всех формах человеческой злобы, в эффективной жестокости и свирепой агрессии. За последние 25 лет никто не был более последовательным противником коммунизма, чем я. Я не возьму обратно ни одного слова, которое я сказал о нём. Но всё бледнеет перед развертывающимся сейчас зрелищем.

Прошлое, с его преступлениями, безумствами и трагедиями, отступает. Я вижу русских солдат, стоящих на пороге своей родной земли, охраняющих поля, которые их отцы обрабатывали с незапамятных времен. Я вижу их охраняющими свои дома; их матери и жёны молятся — о, да — потому что в такое время все молятся о сохранении своих любимых, о возвращении кормильца, покровителя и защитника. (…) У нас лишь одна-единственная неизменная цель. Мы полны решимости уничтожить Гитлера и все следы нацистского режима. Ничто не сможет отвратить нас от этого, ничто. Мы никогда не станем договариваться, мы никогда не вступим в переговоры с Гитлером или с кем-либо из его шайки. Мы будем сражаться с ним на суше, мы будем сражаться с ним на море, мы будем сражаться с ним в воздухе, пока с Божьей помощью не избавим землю от самой тени его и не освободим народы от его ига. Любой человек или государство, которые борются против нацизма, получат нашу помощь. Любой человек или государство, которые идут с Гитлером — наши враги. (…) Поэтому опасность, угрожающая России, — это опасность, грозящая нам и Соединенным Штатам, точно так же как дело каждого русского, сражающегося за свой очаг и дом, — это дело свободных людей и свободных народов во всех уголках земного шара.



Широкую известность получила также Фултонская речь (Sinews of Peace), произнесённая 5 марта 1946 года в Вестминстерском колледже Фултона(Миссури). Речь посвящена обоснованию необходимости союза англосаксонских стран для борьбы с советско-коммунистической экспансией. Ключевым в этой речи является пассаж о «железном занавесе», характеризующий сложившуюся после войны ситуацию:

A shadow has fallen upon the scenes so lately light by the Allied victory. Nobody knows what Soviet Russia and its Communist international organization intends to do in the immediate future, or what are the limits, if any, to their expansive and proselytizing tendencies. (...) From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and, in some cases, increasing measure of control from Moscow. Athens alone -- Greece with its immortal glories -- is free to decide its future at an election under British, American and French observation. The Russian-dominated Polish Government has been encouraged to make enormous and wrongful inroads upon Germany, and mass expulsions of millions of Germans on a scale grievous and undreamed-of are now taking place. The Communist parties, which were very small in all these Eastern States of Europe, have been raised to pre-eminence and power far beyond their numbers and are seeking everywhere to obtain totalitarian control. Police governments are prevailing in nearly every case, and so far, except in Czechoslovakia, there is no true democracy.



Черчилль о Сталине

Личный секретарь Черчилля Колвилл сообщает, что 21 июня 1941 года, говоря с шефом о предстоящей советско-германской войне, он задал Черчиллю вопрос: как совместить его готовность помогать СССР с его антикоммунизмом? На это последовал знаменитый ответ:

I have only one purpose, the destruction of Hitler, and my life is much simplified thereby. If Hitler invaded Hell I would make at least a favourable reference to the devil in the House of Commons.

It is very fortunate for Russia in her agony to have this great rugged war chief at her head. He is a man of massive outstanding personality, suited to the sombre and stormy times in wich his life has been cast; a man of inexhaustible courage and will-power and a man direct and even blunt in speech … Above all, he is a man with that saving sense of humour which is of high importance to all men and all nations, but particularly to great men and great nations. Stalin also left upon me the impression of a deep, cool wisdom and complete absence of illusions of any kind. I believe I made him feel that we were good and faithful comrades in this war — but this, after all, is a matter which deeds not words will prove.

 

Ричард Лангворт, историк и в прошлом президент лондонского Центра Черчилля, отмечает, что в целом отношение Черчилля к Сталину было резко негативным: «Черчилль понял правду о Сталине задолго до 1953 г. Он действительно говорил похвальные вещи о Сталине во время войны, особенно в 1942 г. — но ситуация тогда была иной»

Stalin was for many years Dictator of Russia and the more I have studied his career the more I am shocked by the terrible mistakes he made and the utter ruthlessness he showed to men and masses with whom he acted. Stalin was our ally against Hitler when Russia was invaded but when Hitler was destroyed Stalin made himself our principal object of dread. After our joint victory became certain his conduct divided the world again. He seemed to be carried away by his dream of world domination. He actually reduced a third of Europe to a Soviet satellite condition under compulsory communism. These were heartbreaking events after all we have gone through. But a year ago Stalin died - that is certain - and ever since that event I have cherished the hope that there's new outlook in Russia, a new hope of peaceful co-existence with the Russian nation and that it is our duty patiently and daringly to make sure whether there is such a chance or not.

 

 

В своих мемуарах Черчилль пишет:

Сейчас нам предстоит вскрыть ошибочность и тщетность хладнокровных расчётов Советского правительства и колоссальной коммунистической машины и их поразительное незнание собственного положения. Они проявили полное безразличие к участи западных держав, хотя это означало уничтожение того самого второго фронта, открытия которого им суждено было вскоре требовать. Они, казалось, и не подозревали, что Гитлер уже более шести месяцев назад принял решение уничтожить их. Если же их разведка поставила их в известность о переброске на Восток огромных германских сил, усиливавшейся с каждым днем, то они упустили многие необходимые шаги, которые следовало предпринять при этих обстоятельствах…
…Война — это по преимуществу список ошибок, но история вряд ли знает ошибку, равную той, которую допустили Сталин и коммунистические вожди, когда они отбросили все возможности на Балканах и лениво выжидали надвигавшегося на Россию нападения или были неспособны понять что их ждет. До тех пор мы считали их расчётливыми эгоистами. В этот период они оказались к тому же простаками. Сила, масса, мужество и выносливость матушки России ещё должны были быть брошены на весы. Но если брать за критерий стратегию, политику, прозорливость и компетентность, то Сталин и его комиссары показали себя в тот момент Второй мировой войны совершенно недальновидными.

Relations with the Soviet Union

When Hitler invaded the Soviet Union, Winston Churchill, a vehement anti-Communist, famously stated "If Hitler invaded Hell, I would at least make a favourable reference to the Devil in the House of Commons," regarding his policy toward Stalin. Soon, British supplies and tanks were flowing to help the Soviet Union.

The Casablanca Conference, a meeting of Allied powers held in Casablanca, Morocco, on 14 January through 23 January 1943, produced what was to be known as the “Casablanca Declaration.” In attendance were Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt and Charles de Gaulle. Joseph Stalin had bowed out, citing the need for his presence in the Soviet Union to attend to the Stalingrad crisis. It was in Casablanca that the Allies made a unified commitment to continue the war through to the “unconditional surrender” of the Axis powers. In private, however, Churchill did not fully subscribe to the doctrine of “unconditional surrender,” and was taken by surprise when Franklin Roosevelt announced this to the world as Allied consensus.

The settlement concerning the borders of Poland, that is, the boundary between Poland and the Soviet Union and between Germany and Poland, was viewed as a betrayal in Poland during the post-war years, as it was established against the views of the Polish government in exile. It was Winston Churchill, who tried to motivate Mikołajczyk, who was prime minister of the Polish government in exile, to accept Stalin's wishes, but Mikołajczyk refused. Churchill was convinced that the only way to alleviate tensions between the two populations was the transfer of people, to match the national borders. As he expounded in the House of Commons on 15 December 1944, "Expulsion is the method which, insofar as we have been able to see, will be the most satisfactory and lasting. There will be no mixture of populations to cause endless trouble... A clean sweep will be made. I am not alarmed by these transferences, which are more possible in modern conditions." However the resulting expulsions of Germans were carried out in a way which resulted in much hardship and, according to a 1966 report by the West German Ministry of Refugees and Displaced Persons, the death of over 2.1 million. Churchill opposed the effective annexation of Poland by the Soviet Union and wrote bitterly about it in his books, but he was unable to prevent it at the conferences.

Winston Churchill at the Yalta Conference, with Roosevelt and Stalin beside him

During October 1944, he and Eden were in Moscow to meet with the Russian leadership. At this point, Russian forces were beginning to advance into various eastern European countries. Churchill held the view that until everything was formally and properly worked out at the Yalta conference, there had to be a temporary, war-time, working agreement with regard to who would run what. The most significant of these meetings was held on 9 October 1944 in the Kremlin between Churchill and Stalin. During the meeting, Poland and the Balkan problems were discussed. Churchill told Stalin:

Let us settle about our affairs in the Balkans. Your armies are in Rumania and Bulgaria. We have interests, missions, and agents there. Don't let us get at cross-purposes in small ways. So far as Britain and Russia are concerned, how would it do for you to have ninety per cent predominance in Rumania, for us to have ninety per cent of the say in Greece, and go fifty-fifty about Yugoslavia?

Stalin agreed to this Percentages Agreement, ticking a piece of paper as he heard the translation. In 1958, five years after the account of this meeting was published (in The Second World War), authorities of the Soviet Union denied that Stalin accepted the "imperialist proposal". One of the conclusions of the Yalta Conference was that the Allies would return all Soviet citizens that found themselves in the Allied zone to the Soviet Union. This immediately affected the Soviet prisoners of war liberated by the Allies, but was also extended to all Eastern European refugees. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn called the Operation Keelhaul "the last secret of World War II." The operation decided the fate of up to two million post-war refugees fleeing eastern Europe.

George Orwell

Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950), known by his pen name George Orwell, was an English novelist and journalist. His work is marked by clarity, intelligence and wit, awareness of social injustice, opposition to totalitarianism, and belief in democratic socialism.

Considered perhaps the 20th century's best chronicler of English culture, Orwell wrote literary criticism, poetry, fiction and polemical journalism. He is best known for the dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949) and the allegorical novella Animal Farm (1945), which together have sold more copies than any two books by any other 20th-century author. His book Homage to Catalonia (1938), an account of his experiences in the Spanish Civil War, is widely acclaimed, as are his numerous essays on politics, literature, language and culture. In 2008, The Times ranked him second on a list of "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945".

Orwell's work continues to influence popular and political culture, and the term Orwellian—descriptive of totalitarian or authoritarian social practices—has entered the vernacular with several of his neologisms, such as doublethink, thought crime, Big Brother and thought police.

 

All political thinking for years past has been vitiated in the same way. People can foresee the future only when it coincides with their own wishes, and the most grossly obvious facts can be ignored when they are unwelcome.

 

Every war when it comes, or before it comes, is represented not as a war but as an act of self-defense against a homicidal maniac.

If liberty means anything at all, it means the right to tell people what they do not want to hear.

All the war-propaganda, all the screaming and lies and hatred, comes invariably from people who are not fighting.

 

· " Political language - and with variations this is true of all political parties, from Conservatives to Anarchists - is designed to make lies sound truthful and murder respectable, and to give an appearance of solidity to pure wind. "

· " Who controls the past controls the future. Who controls the present controls the past. "

· " If liberty means anything at all, it means the right to tell people what they do not want to hear. "

 








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