Speak on the morphological characteristics of the gerund.

The infinitive

is a non-finite form of the verb which names a process in a most general way.

As such, it is naturally treated as the initial form of the verb,

In all its forms and functions the infinitive has a special marker, the particle to.

sometimes the bare infinitive stem is used:

Auxiliary verbs don't will

Modal verbs:

Modal expression had better would rather

Verbs of sense perception

Verbs of inducement let make have

Phrases with but

Why-not sentences

Like other non-finite forms of the verb the infinitive has a double nature:

it combines verbal features with those of the noun.

The verbal features of the infinitive are of two kinds: morphological and syntactical.

1) Morphological: the infinitive has the verb categories of voice, perfect and aspect:

Syntactical: the infinitive possesses the verb combinability

:

a) it takes an object in the same way as the corresponding finite verbs do;

b)it takes a predicative if it happens to be a link verb;

c) it is modified by adverbials in the same way as finite verbs:

Infinitive Finite verb

The infinitive used as parenthesis is usually part of a collocation,

as in: to begin with, to be (quite) frank, to be sure,

to make matters worse, to put it mildly, to say the least,

to tell the truth, needless to say, strange to say, so to speak,

to make a long story short, to crown all, to be more precise, to say nothing of ..., etc.

To begin with, you have been lying to me all the time.

Speak on the morphological characteristics of the participle.

The participle is a non-finite form of the verb. There are two forms of the participle -

participle I and participle II.

Participle I is a non-finite form of the verb with some adjectival and adverbial features.

It is formed by adding the suffix -ing to the stem of the verb.*

The verbal character of participle I is manifested morphologically

in the categories of voice and perfect (see table VII) and syntactically in its combinability.

Thus, like the other non-finites, it may combine:

a) with a noun or a pronoun as direct,indirect or prepositional object;

b) with an adverb or a prepositional phrase as an adverbial modifier;

c) with a noun or adjective as a predicative.

a) Seeing Jane, I rushed to greet her.

We didn’t utter a word while listening to the story.

b) Rising early, you’ll make your days longer.

Do you know the man sitting in the middle of the first row?

c) Being absent-minded, he went into the wrong room.

Participle I is used as a pure verb form in the formation of the continuous aspect forms.

The adjectival and adverbial features of participle I are manitested in its syntactical functions as an attribute and an adverbial modifier.

Arriving at the station, she saw him at once, leaning agains the railing.

(adverbial modifier of time, detached attribute).

Non-perfect participle I active has synonymous adjectives formed from the same verb stem,

such as resulting - resultant, convulsing - convulsive, abounding - abundant,

deceiving - deceptive. Some participles border on adjectives when used as attributes

or predicatives, and have qualitative adjectives as synonyms; for example amusing - funny,

boring - dull, deafening - (very) loud. There are even some deverbal adjectives that

have completely lost their verbal meaning, for example interesting, charming.

When they lose their verbal character, participles may be modified by adverbs of degree

used with adjectives, such as very, so, too, as in very (greatly, exceedingly, etc.)

amusing, too boring, most exciting.

My job is with one of the ministers - too boring and distasteful to discuss.

All this was extremely gratifying.

Like an adjective, participle I forms adverbs with the suffix -ly:

laughingly, jokingly, surprisingly, admiringly, appealingly, feelingly.

You surprise me, she said feelingly.

.

Participle II is a non-finite form of the verb with verbal and adjectival features.

Participle II stands apart from the other non-finites in that it does not possess

their morphological categories. Nevertheless, being a verb form, it possesses

the potential verbal meaning of voice, aspect and correlation, which depend upon

the meaning of the verb it is formed from and which are realized in the context.

The main meanings of participle II are those of a state as a result of some action

or an action itself. One of the most essential characteristics of participle II is

that when it is used as part of the sentence, participle II of a transitive verb is

passive in meaning, participle II of an intransitive verb is active.

Thus the participles invited, told, taken are semantically passive and correspond

to the Russian passive participles приглашенный, рассказанный, взятый.

The participles arrived, gone, risen are semantically active and correspond to

the Russian active participles прибывший, ушедший, поднявшийся (взошедший).

Syntactical functions of participle I

Participle I performs the syntactical functions characteristic of

the adjective and the adverb, and can therefore be used as attribute,

predicative, or as adverbial modifier.

It may be used (a) alone or (b) as headword of a participial phrase,

or else (c) as part of a predicative construction:

a) Let sleeping dogs lie.

He drank his coffee standing.

b) There are some other people waiting for you.

The youth looked at him curiously, never having seen a Forsyte with a beard.

c) We found him working in the garden.

Participle I as independent element (parenthesis)

Participle I as parenthesis forms the headword of a participial phrase,

the meaning of which is a comment upon the contents of the whole sentence

or sometimes part of it. The comment may take the form of a logical restriction

or personal attitude. Here we find such participial phrases as generally

(properly, roughly, legally, strictly) speaking, putting it mildly, judging by (from),

allowing for, taking everything into consideration, etc.

Syntactical functions of participle II

As part of the sentence participle II may stand alone or be the headword of

a participial phrase. It may function as an attribute (close or detached),

predicative, or as an adverbial modifier.

Speak on the morphological characteristics of the gerund.

The gerund is a non-finite form of the verb with some noun features.

It is formed by adding the suffix -ing to the stem of the verb.

The grammatical meaning of the gerund is that of a process.

Thus to some extent it competes with nouns of verbal origin,

e.g. translating -translation, describing - description,

arriving - arrival, perceiving - perception, helping - help.

Nouns, however, tend to convey the fact or the result of an action,

which in certain circumstances may be something material,

whereas gerunds convey the idea of action or process itself.

Show me your translation: it is neatly done, and there, are no mistakes in it.

You will enrich your vocabulary by translating from English into Russian and vice versa.

If the meaning of the gerund is nearly the same as that of the noun,

the former emphasizes the process, and the latter - the fact:

Thank you for helping me.

Thank you for your help.

It is natural that the verbal character of the gerund is more prominent

in transitive verbs, owing to their combinability and their passive forms.

Morphologically the verbal character of the gerund is manifested in the

categories of voice and perfect (see table V) and syntactically in its

combinability. Thus the gerund may combine:

a) with a noun or pronoun as direct, indirect or prepositional object,

depending on the verb it is formed from;

b) with an adjective or a noun as a predicative;

c) with an infinitive.

Gerunds can be modified by adverbs and prepositional phrases functioning as adverbial modifiers.

The nominal character of the gerund reveals itself syntactically, mainly in its syntactical function,

partly in its combinability.

Like a noun, it can function as subject, object, or predicative.

When it is an attribute or an adverbial modifier, a gerund, like a noun is preceded by a preposition

The fact that the gerund can associate with a preposition is a sure sign of noun features.

Like a noun, but unlike the other non-finites, it can combine with a possessive pronoun and a noun in the genitive case denoting the doer of the action expressed by the gerund.

It combines with the negative pronoun no in the idiomatic construction of the type: There is no getting out of it.

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