TEXT A. INPUT AND OUTPUT UNITS (I/O UNITS)

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ

Целью данного пособия является развитие навыков чтения и понимания оригинальной литературы на английском языке по специальности «Информационные технологии». При отборе текстового материала в качестве основного критерия послужила информативная ценность текстов и их соответствие интересам студентов данной специальности.

Структура работы и приводимые в ней материалы соответствуют поставленной цели. Пособие состоит из трёх частей и приложения. Первая часть содержит учебные тексты и упражнения (предтекстовые и послетекстовые), направленные на овладение базовой терминологией по специальности и повторение грамматического материала в объеме, предусмотренном программой. Вторая часть включает в себя профессионально-ориентированные тексты для аналитического чтения, ряд упражнений, нацеленных на усвоение научно-технической терминологии и овладение навыками аннотирования и реферирования оригинальных источников. Третья часть содержит оригинальные тексты для домашнего чтения с последующим аннотированием и реферированием. В приложении приводится глоссарий аббревиатур и акронимов, а так же основные штампы для составления аннотаций на английском и русском языках. Структура каждого урока включает в себя вокабуляр, который закрепляется упражнениями, оригинальные тексты и комплекс упражнений, направленных на усвоение навыков и умений коммуникации. Каждый урок завершается контрольными заданиями.

PART I

LESSON ONE

Grammar, Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect Passive. Modal Verbs and Their Equivalents. Gerund. There Be.

Text A. Information, Machine Words, Instructions, Addresses and Reasonable Operations.

Exercises

I. Read the international words and guess their meaning:

character; reaction; to react; instruction; register; code; bit; byte; typically: group; address; magnetic; polarize; differentiation; integration; binary; basic; physically; physical; selection; to sort; separate; standard; correct

II. Pronounce the following words correctly

III. Read and memorize the following word combinations:

a number of = a set of - ряд; несколько; некоторое количество

per second - в секунду

a particular memory location or cell - особая ячейка памяти

its own unique address - свой собственный уникальный адрес

instead of saying - вместо того, чтобы сказать

to take a square root - извлекать квадратный корень

to raise to a power - возводить в степень

as well as - так же как

TEXT A. INFORMATION, MACHINE WORDS, INSTRUCTIONS,

ADDRESSES AND REASONABLE OPERATIONS

1. Information is a set of marks or signs that have meaning. These consist of letters or numbers, digits or characters, typewriter signs, other kinds of signs, and so on. A computer reacts differently to different digits or characters, and reacts to them as units that have meaning. For example, information for an analog computer has to be in the form of distances, or rotations, or voltages, or other physical variables. And for a digital computer information has to be in the form of digits or numbers.

2. Any information may be represented by the binary system including two digits: one (1) and zero (0). Each 1 and 0 is a separate binary digit called a bit. A bit is the smallest part of information, Bits are typically grouped in units that are called bytes. A byte is the basic unit of information used in modern computers and consists of eight bits.

3. The bytes are handled usually in standard groups called machine words or just words. There are two basic types of information or words that can be put into a memory cell or location: words that are numerical quantities and words that are computer instructions. Regularly, an instruction to the machine is expressed as a word; and so the same set of characters may have meaning sometimes as a number, sometimes as an instruction. A speed of 96,000 characters per second is the same as a speed of 8,000 words per second. Most human beings could not take even 12-digit number per second.

4. Physically the set of bits is a set of arrangements of some physical equipment. One of the ways of storing information in a computer is storing by using a set of small magnetically polarized spots (пятна) on a magnetic surface.

5. The computer is told what operations to perform by means of instructions. An instruction is a command to the computer. It consist of a verb (an operational code) and a noun (an operand). For example, if the computer is instructed. “Add 365 the number of times (раз) stated in the register R”, and if the register R stores the code for number 3, then the computer will perform that operation three times. An instruction word looks like a number, and there is no way to tell from the word itself whether it is a quantity or an instruction. The computer must be told exactly (точно) which address contains an instruction and which contains a quantity.

6. An address is the name of particular memory location or cell. Each memory location (word or byte) has its own unique address or number just like a post office box. For example, if the computer contains 100 memory cells, their respective address might be the numbers from 1 to 100 (or 0 through 99). And instead of saying "A word is in a memory cell", the computer personnel say, "The contents (содержимое) of an address is a word."

7. Reasonable operations are mathematical and logical. Mathematical operations include arithmetic and algebraic operations. Arithmetic operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, taking a square root, etc.; and algebraic operations are called raising to a power as well as differentiating and integrating.

8. Logical operations include comparing, selecting, sorting, matching, etc. These are operations which may be performed either on numbers, or on expressions consisted of letters such as ordinary words. A very important logical operation performed by a computer is determining, i.e., which of two operations is to be performed next.

Notes

1. numerical quantities - численные значения (величины)

2. Most human beings could not take even 12-digit number per second - Большинство людей не смогли бы воспринять даже 12-значное число в секунду

3. just like a post office box - точно так же как почтовый ящик

4. their respective addresses might be the numbers - их соответственные адреса могли бы быть числами

Exercises

IV. Find the equivalents:

V. Arrange (a) synonyms and (b) antonyms in pairs and translate them:

a) to perform; to compute; to take in; a figure; to arrange; to show; to carry out; a digit; to calculate; little; to display; small; to receive; to position; instruction; data; location; command; information; cell

b) inside; to the right; addition; multiplication: simple; to the left; division; outside; small; complex; big; subtraction; differentiating; at the right; integrating; at the left; the right-hand column; the left-hand column

VI. Form nouns from the verbs by adding suffixes:

-ment

M о d e l: to equip - equipment

to arrange, to require, to measure, to state, to develop

-sion

M о d e l: to divide - division

to decide, to include, to conclude, to exclude

-ion

M о d e 1: to direct - direction

to subtract, to select, to react, to construct, to act

-ation

M о d e 1: to compute - computation

to inform, to combine, to determine, to represent, to polarize

VII. Complete the following sentences:

1. Information is a set of marks or signs that ... . 2. Reasonable operations are ... . 3. Logical operations include ... . 4. A very important logical operation is ... . 5. Physically the set of bits is a set of arrangements of some ... . 6. Determining means which of two operations is to be performed ... . 7. The computer must be told exactly which address contains ... and which contains ... . 8. The computer is told what operations to perform by means of ... . 9. Any information may be represented by the binary systems including two digits: ... and ... . 10. A bit is the smallest part of ... .

VIII. Memorize the following definitions:

1. Information is a set of marks or signs that have meaning. 2. Reasonable operations are mathematical and logical operations. 3. Mathematical operations include arithmetic and algebraic operations. 4. The smallest unit of information for a computer is called a byte. A byte consists of eight bits. 5. The word "bit" is formed from the letter "b" in the word "binary" and two letters "it" in the word "digit".

IX. Answer the following questions:

1. What is information? 2. What does a set of marks consist of? 3. What is one of the ways of storing information in a computer? 4. What is a byte? 5. What is a bit? 6. How many bits does a byte usually contain? 7. What is an instruction? 8. By means of what is the computer told what operations to perform? 9. What are machine words? 10. What does a machine word consist of? 11. What are ad­dresses? 12. What are reasonable operations? 13. What do mathe­matical operations include? 14. What do logical operations include? 15. In what system is information represented for the modern electronic computer? 16. What are the two basic types of words that are put into a memory?

X. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the words in bold type:

a) 1. What kind of computer was it? - It was a digital computer. 2. The computer can perform different kinds of operations. 3. This kind of logical problem is very simple. 4. Will you kindly explain to us the operation of this kind of machine? 5. Be so kind, show us the new equipment.

b) 1. As you already know logical relations in a computer are expressed by hardware. 2. As the ordinary business adding machine has the special equipment inside it, it can store information. 3. An electronic computer can add, subtract, multiply, and divide as well. 4. Natural sciences include mathematics, physics, chemistry, medicine, geology, biology, bionics, as well as the engineering sciences and other fields of knowledge. 5. As our professor was speaking of the
history of computers, he mentioned P.L. Chebyshev and his great inventions. 6. My friend works at a plant as an engineer.

c) 1. Progressive people everywhere in the world must fight for peace. 2. Yesterday we heard an interesting lecture on modern electronics which was arranged for the students. 3. He asked me for a book on microcomputers' organization. 4. The first computing machines were not reliable (надежный), for there were no good electrical units. 5. The instructions are placed inside the computer, for the computer itself can select the numbers of instructions.

XI. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to the predicates inthe Passive Voice:

1. These digits are easily multiplied. 2. I was asked many questions about my work. 3. They were explained how to solve this problem on a computer. 4. The sequence of reasonable operations has been performed by the computer. 5. The new department of mathematics has just been opened. 6. Many books on computers' organization and architecture had been translated from Russian into English by the end of last year. 7. The experiments on the new microcomputer were being carried out during the whole month. 8. All the digits are recorded on the paper tape when addition is performed. 9. The new key adding machine was transferred into the next room yesterday. 10. The sequence of reasonable operations is now being carried out by this microcomputer. 11. The conference was addressed by a well-known scientist. 12. The invention of computers was spoken of at the last lecture. 13. Modern personal computers are always looked at with interest. 14. Many new branches of industry have been developed in our country since World War II.

XII. Fill in the blanks with the verbs given below. Use them in the Passive Voice:

to express; to carry out; to invent; to record; to polarize; to tell; to store; to represent; to require; to construct

1. All the digits inside the hardware ... by the arranging of the special equipment. 2. Complex calculations ... with the help of a computer. 3. A special counter wheel (счетное колесо) for an arithmometer ... by a Russian engineer V.T. Ordner in 1874. 4. The answers of computations ... often in the form of tables. 5. Small spots on a surface inside a computer ... magnetically. 6. By means of instruction any computer ... what operations to perform. 7. All instructions ... in registers, the units of hardware. 8. Any information ... by the binary system. 9. Numbers or instructions ... lor solving a problem by a computer. 10. Several computing units ... by M.V. Lomonosov for computational science.

XIII. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to the modal verbs and their equivalents:

1. Information or data can be stored in the computer's memory or storage. 2. An analog computer is able to calculate by using physical analogs of numerical measurements. 3. The first automatic computers could operate at the low speed. 4. Your paper may be published at our Institute. 5. My friend was happy when at last he might work at the computing centre. 6. Our students are allowed to visit the computing centre to see the operation of the computer ES-1045. 7. Every student must know that a digital computer performs reasonable operations. 8. Some operations for this computer have to be changed and new instructions have to be added. 9. The instructions are recorded in the order in which they are to be carried out. 10. You should know the difference between the digital and analog computers. 11. We ought to help him to solve this problem by a personal computer. 12. According to (согласно) the time-table you are to begin your classes at 8 o'clock. 13. Every student of our speciality has to know what a hybrid computer is. 14. We were permitted to attend the conference on cybernetics.

XIV. Find the sentences in which the verbs 'to have' and 'to be' are translated as «должен»:

1. This ordinary adding machine has ten keys for each column of digits. 2. The main task of this article was to show the Results of research work. 3. This personal computer has been constructed at our lab. 4. The lecture was to begin at 9 o'clock. 5. Our aim is to study hard and master our speciality. 6. Our lab assistant has to construct this electronic device (прибор). 7. The general purpose of this unit (block) is to perform different arithmetic operations. 8. The participants of the scientific conference are to arrive tomorrow. 9. You have to remember the names of the scientists who have contributed to the development of your speciality. 10. The results of the experiment have carefully been checked up today.

XV. Translate the following sentences paying attention to 'there + to be':

l. There are many universities and institutes in our country. 2. There is a students' scientific and technical society at our Institute. 3. There are various computers at our computing centre. 4. There were only four faculties in our Institute before the World War II. 5. There will be some engineers at the seminar on programming tomorrow. 6. There is a seminar on the History of our Motherland today. 7. There was a lecture on cybernetics yesterday. 8. There were many ways of solving the problem. 9. There are many complex parts and units in every computer. 10. There will be some new laboratories in our Institute next year.

XVI. State the functions of the Gerund. Translate the sentences:

1. Logical operations consist of comparing, selecting, sorting, matching, and determining. 2. The way of solving this problem is very difficult. 3. After performing calculations a computer displays a result. 4. A set of marks or signs can be stored by polarizing little spots on a magnetic surface. 5. Differentiating and integrating are algebraic operations. 6. Registers are used for storing information. 7. Blaze Pascal's merit consists in his constructing the first mechanical computer. 8. By performing the reasonable operations on a computer we solve different kinds of problems for our national economy.

XVII. Translate into English using the Gerund:

1. Одним из способов хранения информации внутри вычислительной машины является хранение с помощью ряда поляризованных точек на магнитной поверхности. 2. Путем размещения специальных устройств внутри вычислительной машины можно хранить информацию. 3. Возведение в степень и извлечение квадратного корня - математические операции. 4. Компьютер используется для решения сложных задач.

LESSON TWO

Grammar. The Infinitive and Its Constructions. Emphatic Construction 'It is (was) ...

that (who, which)...

Text A. Input and Output Units.

Text B. Terms.

Text B'. Reliability.

Exercises

I. Read the following international words and guess their meaning:

active; passive; practical; problem; programming; experiment; to consult; form; regularly; to construct; arithmometer; to control; peripheral; efficient; buffer; pulse; impulse; communication; interesting; to operate; functional; minute; record; line; factor; process

II. Pronounce the following words correctly:

III. Memorize the following word combinations:

the means of communication - средство связи

punched holes and blanks - перфорированные отверстия и пробе­лы

a punched tape - перфолента

a human being - человек

data-handing equipment - оборудование по управлению данными

a high-speed line-printer - высокоскоростное построчно-печатающее устройство

a factor of advantage - коэффициент преимущества

the peripheral or auxiliary devices - вспомогательные устройства

the proper speed - надлежащая скорость

TEXT A. INPUT AND OUTPUT UNITS (I/O UNITS)

1. The part of the computer that takes in information is called the input unit. The input unit or device provides the means of communication between the computer and the people who are interested in its operation.

2. To be accepted by the machine, information for a digital computer has to be in the form of digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ... 9 or characters A, B, C, D, ... . These characters are regularly expressed for the computer's purposes as six or seven l's and 0's. The l's and 0's may be expressed for the computer: as punched holes (1) and blanks (0) in a card or a paper tape; as presence (1) and absence (0) of electrical pulse; or as polarized spots on a magnetic surface; for example, south-north is 1 and north-south is 0, or vice versa, etc.

3. So, the input unit makes possible communication from the other data-handing equipment and human being to the computer. It is the functional part of the computer that accepts the data to be operated on and programsfor operating. It may consist of a keyboard operated tape punch, a paper tape reader, a card reader, a card reader, and an electric typewriter.

4. The part of a computer that puts out information is called the output unit. The computer can easily put out information in a form acceptable to human beings. For example, the computer may give impulses to an electric typewriter, so that the keys are energized in i the proper sequence to type out a message in ordinary typed 'characters which human beings can read, etc.

5. The output of a computer is known to vary according to the capacity of the auxiliary equipment receiving the information. A computer can record on a magnetic tape at the rate of 1,000,000 characters per second. It can also control: a paper tape punch which will punch a paper tape at the rate of 100 characters per second; or a card punch which will punch per second about 300 standard punch cards of 80columns; or a high-speed line-printer which will punch 20 lines per second, each of 80 to 120 characters. Input and output devices are usually called peripherals.

6. All this peripheral equipment is slow as compared with the computer. Consequently, for efficient use of the computer's tremendous calculating speed, devices called buffers may be used. A buffer is known to be a storage device which is able to take in information at a very high speed from the computer and release the information at the proper speed for the peripheral equipment.

7. A human being is known to write by hand at the rate of about 30 words per minute, or to type at the rate of about 60 words per minute, or to talk at the rate of 200 or 250 words per minute. The ratio between a computer speed of about 40,000 words per second, and the top output speed of a human being of about 4 words per second, gives a factor of advantage to the computer of about 10,000 to 1 at the beginning of the 60's. Nowadays this ratio is much more.

Notes

1. the input unit makes possible communication from the other data-handing equipment and human being - блок ввода позволяет установить связь от другого оборудования по управлению данными и человеком

2. of a keyboard operated tape punch - ленточного перфоратора, работающего от клавишного пульта

Exercises

IV. Find the equivalents:

V. Insert prepositions where necessary:

1. A computer can record ... magnetic tape ... the rate ... 1,000,000 characters ... second. 2. As compared ... the computer the auxiliary or peripheral equipment is rather slow. 3. A human being can write ... hand ... the rate ... 30 words ... minute. 4. the capacity ... the peripheral equipment receiving information the output ... a computer varies very much. 5. A factor ... advantage ... the computer compared ... a human being is ... 10,000 ... 1

VI. Complete the following sentences:

1. The peripheral equipment is slow as compared with.... 2. Devices called buffers may be used for efficient use of the computer's ... . 3. A human being is known to type at the rate ... . 4. The ratio between a computer speed and the output speed of a human being gives a factor of ... ю a computer. 5. The input unit accepts the data ... and programs for ... .

VII. Memorize the following definitions:

1. Input unit is a section of the computer which accepts information from outside the computer. 2. Output is device or devices which put out information of the computer. 3. Buffers are storage devices accepting information at a very high speed from the computer and releasing information at the proper speed for the peripheral equipment.

VIII. Answer the following questions:

1. What is the general purpose of the input unit? 2. How may the l's and 0's be expressed for the computer? 3. What is the general purpose of the output unit? 4. What does the peripheral equipment consist of? 5. What is the general purpose of a buffer? 6. What is the ratio between a computer's speed and the top output speed of a human being? 7. What do you usually call input and output devices?

IX. Form adverbs from adjectives by adding the suffix '-ly':

easy; reasonable; usual; special; physical; functional; subsequent; consequent

X. Form nouns from verbs by adding the suffixes '-er\ '-or':

to work; to invent; to compose; to calculate; to operate; to act; to react; to receive; to transmit; to select; to use; to combine

XI. Arrange (a) synonyms and (b) antonyms in pairs and translate them:

a) speed; peripheral; to control; to write; auxiliary; to do; to receive; rate; to record; to get; to make; to handle; device; unit; instruction; part; to accept; command; section; information; data; to take in

b) to add; presence; hole; input; north; to multiply; to divide; binary; south; output; blank; absence; to subtract

XII. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Infinitive:

1. The assistant came to instruct students how to handle instructions. 2. The assistant came to be instructed by the professor. 3. The main purpose of the computers is to solve complex problems. 4. To perform reasonable operations a computer must have a way of accepting data. 5. To add and to subtract means to perform mathematical operations. 6. P.L. Chebyshev, a Russian scientist, was the first to construct an arithmometer. 7. The input unit to be described here is a new device. 8. Punched holes in a card or a paper tape are used to represent l's and O's. 9. To carry out the instruction, the computer must accept the data in the form of punched holes and blanks. 10. In order to program in a good way, the programmer needs detailed data about the program and the way it is to be done.

XIII. State the functions of the Infinitive and translate the sentences:

a) 1. To do the program the programmer must have a good understanding of the problem for the computer. 2. To do the program for a computer is the main duty of a programmer. 3. The programmer must do a program to give accurate instructions - to the computer. 4. Electric typewriters are very slow and are used only by operators to communicate with a computer. 5. To make possible communication from a human being and a computer is the main purpose of the input unit.

b) 1. The experiments to be carried out will be very important.2. M.V. Lomonosov was the first to receive the higher education among peasants in Russia. 3. Information to be computed is stored usually in registers - units of hardware. 4. The machine to operate with the keys is named an ordinary adding machine. 5. A sequence of reasonable operations to be performed will be done by computer "M-220". 6. The programmer to do the program for a computer must have a good knowledge of mathematics.

XIV. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Subjective Infinitive. Construction:

1. The input and output units are known to be the parts of a computer. 2. The human being seems not to be able to add or to multiply without using auxiliary devices such as pencil and paper. 3. Historically, linear programming proved to be especially effective in analyzing industrial processes. 4. This type of the output unit is said to use a punched paper tape. 5. Devices for accepting information are said to have been described in some magazines. 6. Automated Management Systems are known to have appeared quite recently. 7. Our programmers are known to be studying the theory of programming. 8. In ancient (древний) times the sun was thought to be revolving round the Earth. 9. Y.A. Gagarin is known to be the first cosmonaut who made an orbital flight around the Earth. 10. The French mathematician Pascal is known to construct the first mechanical computer.

XV. Translate the following sentences with the emphatic construction it is (was) ... that (who, which, when) ...:

1. It is electrical engineering that deals with (иметь дело с) all kinds of electrical instruments and devices. 2. It was the invention of the computer that revolutionized the thinking process. 3. It was in 1944 when the first automatic computer appeared and began to operate. 4. It is an input unit that accepts information from outside the computer. 5. It was B. Pascal who invented the first mechanical computer. 6. It is our country which launched the first man into the outer space. 7. It is in industrial technology and scientific development that electronic devices contributed greatly. 8. It was Norbert Wiener who was considered to be the father of cybernetics.

XVI. Find the equivalents to the following Russian sentence:

Именно П.Л. Чебышев в России в 1882 году изобрел первый арифмометр, выполняющий автоматически умножение и деление.

1. It was in 1882 when P.L. Chebyshev invented the first arithmometer performing automatically multiplication and division. 2. It was in .Russia where P.L. Chebyshev invented the first arithmometer performing automatically multiplication and division. 3. It was P.L. Chebyshev who invented in Russia in 1882 the first arithmometer performing automatically multiplication and division. 4. It was the first arithmometer performing automatically multiplication and division that was invented in Russia by P.L. Chebyshev.

XVII. Read Text В and translate it without a dictionary. Express its contents in Russian:

TEXT B. TERMS

The special terms of any subject are the keys to understanding it. The special terms of the field of computers are accordingly the keys to understand this field.

Among (среди) the many special terms in any field of knowledge there are two kinds: those that are essential (существенный), that convey (передавать) the key ideas of the subject to a person interested in understanding it; and those that are helpful but not essential. An example of the first kind of terms in the computer field is "binary notation" (двоичное исчисление); it would be very hard to understand much¹ in the field of computers without knowing the meaning of "binary notation". An example of the second kind is "minimum latency programming"; for many purposes it is not necessary to know exactly (точно) what this term means.

Notes

1. it would be very hard to understand much - было бы очень трудно понять многое

2. minimum latency programming - минимальное скрытое программирование

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