Наиболее употребительные префиксы и

Их значения

1. Префиксы, имеющие отрицательное значение:

un- equal (равный) - unequal (неравный)

im- possible (возможный) - impossible (невозможный)

in- ability (способность) - inability (неспособность)

ir- regular (регулярный) - irregular (нерегулярный)

il- legal (легальный) - illegal (нелегальный)

dis- honest (честный) - dishonest (нечестный)

mis- to understand (понимать) - to misunderstand (неправильно понять)

non- interference (вмешательство) - non-interference (невмешательство).

2. Префиксы, которые придают слову противоположное значение или обозначают противоположное действие:

un- to tie (связывать) - to untie (развязывать)

dis- to appear (появляться) - to disappear (исчезать)

de- to control (контролировать) - to decontrol (освобождать от контроля)

anti- aircraft (самолет)- anti-aircraft (противовоздушный)

counter- to act (действовать)- to counteract (противодействовать)

3. Префиксы, имеющие значение "сверх", "пере", "чрезмерно":

over- to pay (платить) - to overpay (переплатить)

super- human (человеческий) - superhuman (сверхчеловеческий)

ultra- violet (фиолетовый) - ultra-violet (ультрафиолетовый)

4. Префикс, обозначающий повторное действие со значением "снова", "заново", "вновь", "пере-", “вос-“, “повторный”:

re- to construct (строить) - to reconstruct (перестроить)

5. Префиксы, обозначающие общность действия, имеющие значение "между", "взаимно":

сo- operation (действие) - co-operation (сотрудничество)

inter- national (национальный) - international (интернациональный)

6. Префиксы, которые переводятся как:

а) "перед", “ до”:

pre- historic (исторический) - prehistoric (доисторический)

war (война, военный) - pre-war (довоенный)

б) "после":

post- war (война) - post-war (послевоенный)

в) "недостаточно", "недо-":

under-to pay (платить) - to underpay (недоплачивать)

г) "под":

sub- division (разделение) - subdivision (подразделение)

д) "экс", "бывший":

ex- champion (чемпион) - ex-champion (бывший чемпион)

7. Префикс глагола, имеющий значение "делать":

en- large (большой) - to enlarge (увеличивать, делать больше)

danger (опасность) - to endanger (подвергать опасности)

force (сила) - to enforce (принуждать, настаивать)

circle (круг) - to encircle (окружать)

Ex 1 Give antonyms to the following words. Use the prefix un-.

Model: kind - unkind

happy, healthy, real, equally, stable, safe, natural, usual, friendly, timely, like, ready, changeable, favourable, reasonable, fortunately, limited, protected, improved, explored, to screw, to lock, to tie, to pack.

Ex.2 Give antonyms to the following adjectives. Use prefixes

In-, il-, im-, ir-.

Model: definite (a) - indefinite (a)

in-: active, human, complete, adequate, admissible, soluble,

sensible, soluble;

il-:liberate, legal, logical;

im-:personal, modal, possible, practical, perfect;

ir-:regular, rational, respective, reversible, revocable.

Ex.3 Form words from the verbs given by means of the prefix re-.Translate them.

Model: to read again - reread

to turn, to make, to tell, to store, to use, to appear, to construct, to produce, to distribute, to consider, to collect, to call again.

Ex.4 Translate the words. Consult a dictionary if necessary.

redistribution, reutilization, reprecipitation, resampling, readjustment, renovation, reproduction.

Ex.5 Read and translate these pairs of words.

to appreciate - to depreciate efficient - deficient

to increase - to decrease constructive - destructive

to accelerate – to decelerate

Ex.6 Give antonyms to the following words. Use prefix "de-".Translate the derivatives.

Model: to colour - to decolour

to range, to bark, to captivate, to grade, to nationalize, to naturalize, to generate, to class, to compound, to compose, to polarise, population, position, valuation, contamination, construction, generation.

Ex.7 Translate the words with the prefixsemi-.

semidesert (desert - пустыня), semihumid (humid - влажный), semi-annual (annual -годовой), semiopaque (opaque -прозрачный). semi - automatic, semi- fabricate, semi-official, semiconductor (conductor - проводник), semidarkness, semitone, semi-final, semi-basement (basement -подвал), semicircular (circular -круглый)

Ex.8 Give Russian equivalents of the words given below.

self-government, self-help, self-regulation, self-organization, self-ingition, self-purification, self-monitoring (контроль), self-recording, self-opinion, self-service, self-study, self-criticism.

Ex.9 Give antonyms to the following words by means of the suffix dis-.

Translate the derivatives.

Model: to cover - to discover

ability, advantageous, comfort, honest, organization, to able, to affirm, to approve, to afforest, arrange, to believe, to charge, to close, to connect, to house, to qualify, to appear, to like.

Ex.10 Read and translate the words with the prefix over-.

Model: to pay - to overpay

to sleep, to spend, to work, to state, to value, to populate, peopled, crowded.

Ex.11 Read and translate the words with the prefix ultra-.

ultraviolet, ultrashort, ultramarine, ultrafashionable, ultramodern, ultrasound.

Ex.12 Read and translate the words with the prefix multy-.

multiracial, multistorey, multinational, multilevel, multicoloured, multiprocessing, multipoint, multifarious, multilateral, multimillionaire, multistage, multi-user, multi-tasking, multiprogramming, multimedia, multiplexor.

Ex.13 Read and translate the words with the prefix extra-.

extrasensory, extratime, extravagance, extrapolation, extraordinary, extracurricular.

Ex.14 Read and translate the words with bi- prefix.

bidirectional, bifurcation, bipolar, bistable, bilingual, bicarbonate, bicentenary, bigamist, bisexual, biannual, bifocals.

Ex.15 Read the words given below. Mind the stress. State what part of speech each word belongs to. Translate the words into Russian.

verb - `verbal; `listen - `listener; com`bine - combi`nation; `write-`writer; `easy - `easily; slow - `slowly; re`peat - repe`tition; `common - `un`common; `product - pro`ducer - pro`ductive - produc`tivity; act - `actor - `action; true - `un`true, -`truly; `usual - `un`usual; bi`ology - bio`logical - bio`logically; `physics - `physical - physicist; `period - peri`odic - peri`odical - peri`odically; `color - `colourless; for`get - for`getful; `make - re`make; `large - en`large; com`pose - comopo`sition; aim - `aimless; doubt - `doubtful - `doubtless; `organise - `organiser - organi`zation; help - `helper - `helpful - `helpless; trans`form - transfor`mation; e`xist - e`xistence - `co-e`xistence; `limit - limi`tation; im`portant - im`portance; de`pend - de`pendent - de`pendence - `inde`pendence; as`sociate - associ`ative - associ`ation; e`ffect - e`ffective - e`ffectiveness - `une`effective.

Ex. 16 Read the words given below. State what part of speech each word belongs to. Translate the words into Russian.

a) to drain - drained - drainage; consequent - consequently - consequence; eliminate - eliminating - eliminated - elimination; to explode - exploding - unexploded - explosion - explosive - explosives; to flood - flooded - this flood - floodable; deteriorate - deteriorating - deteriorated - deterioration; devastate - devastating - devastated - devastation; to destroy - without destroying - destruction - destructive.

b) complete - completely -to complete - uncompleted - completeness; must protect - protected -unprotected - by protecting - protection - protective; similar- dissimilar - similarly - similarity; worsen - worsening - worse; principal - principally -; contaminate - contaminated - contaminating - contamination - contaminant; to add - addition - additional - additionally; irreversible - reversible - reversibility - nonreversibility; to erode - eroded - erodibility - erodible - erosion.

c) distribute - by distributing - while distributing - distribution; unevenly - uneven - evenly - even; frequency - frequent -frequently; contradictory -contradiction - will contradict; definite - definitely - indefinite - definition - to define; precise - precisely - precision; extraction - to extract - extractable - extractives.

Конверсия.

Слово может менять свое значение и выполнять новую синтаксическую функцию в предложении, не изменяя при этом написания и произношения. Наиболее распространенным является образование глаголов от существительных, например:

master (хозяин) – to master (управлять)

house (дом) – to house (размещать)

water (вода) – to water (поливать)

Глаголы могут быть образованы и от прилагательных:

empty (пустой) – to empty (опустошать)

dark (темный) – to dark (темнеть)

light (свет) – light (светлый) – to light (освещать)

Незнакомое слово следует отыскивать в словаре только после того, как по внешним признакам и месту в предложении будет определено какой частью речи оно является.

Ex.1Form verbs from the nouns. Translate them.

turn, smile, smoke, snow, start, study, visit, rest, place, cover, paper, brush, cross, crowd, lift, wave, report, show, dance, help, address, wish, work, cause, joke, mind, plan, play, hope, laugh.

Ex.2Define parts of speech of the words in bold. Translate the sentences.

1. He works as a teacher. You’ll make progress if you work hard. I saw one of his works at the exhibition.

2. I was waiting for your report.They reportthe results of their experiment every Monday.

3. He thought about his new work. His report contains some of his thoughts about the experiment.

4. This is a nice room. He roomed at a hotel. Did they rooma double bed apartment?

5. It’s not in my power to change the situation. Electric power is now used in most plants and factories. A powerstation is a building in which mechanical power, especially electric power is produced.

6. Many students studyEnglish with pleasure. My grandfather has a large study. Where did he study?

7. Who ruled this country? All sportsmen must obey (соблюдать) the rules of the game. Setof rules was changed many time. Britain doesn’t often produce sportsmen but it set the rulesof many sports and games.

8. He used to have black hair but now it’s gone grey, almost white. Mix black and white to form grey. His face turned grey.

9. They’ve heard a beautiful play. Helen played next door to us. When the cat is away, the mice will play. This year he plays very well.

10. The economy is in a period of reduced and slow business activity. There has been a slowrise in sales. He is a slow walker. My watch is10 minutes slow. He slowed the car down.

11. Did you buy a paper this morning? Paper this room in green and that one in light blue. The room is papered nicely, isn’t it?

12. I’ll warm some water for your baby. A warmcoat you wear in winter is often made of wool. Come here and have a warm by the fire. Will you have your milk warmed?

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