Суффиксы отвлеченных существительных.

Словообразование.

Приставки латинского и греческого происхождения.

Многие слова современного английского языка содержат приставки латинского и греческого происхождения. Понимание значений этих приставок помогает овладению словарем и способствует развитию языковой догадки. Рассмотрим три категории приставок: приставки времени и пространства, приставки качества и условия и приставки количества.

Упр.2.4.1. Соотнесите слово, содержащее латинскую или греческую приставку, с его значением и переведите на русский язык.

Упр.2.4.2. Образуйте слова, соединив приставку с корнем. Переведите их на русский язык.

Упр.2.4.3. Заполните пропуски правильным префиксом из списка:

Auto de dec inter maxi mega

Micro mini mono multi semi sub

a. Most people prefer a colour screen to a ____ chrome screen.

b. A _____ byte equals approximately one million bytes.

c. Once you finish your program, you will have to test it and ____ bug it to remove all the mistakes.

d. The introduction of ____ conductor technology revolutionizes the computer industry.

e. If a computer system has two or more central processors which are under common control, it is called a _____ processor system.

f. The _____ imal system is a number system with a base of 10.

g. When the user and the computer are in active communication on a graphics system, we refer to this as _____ active graphics.

h. All you have to do is to move the ____ imal point one digit to the left.

i. Large books and even sets of books can be put on a single _____ chip.

j. ____ meter measures small length with great accuracy.

k. A ____ circle is one half of a circle.

l. Hydrogen was ____ stituted by oxygen.

m. The theory was thought to hold for ____ molecular compounds.

n. ____ organisms, which are abundant everywhere, are of immense importance to all living things.

o. ____ rail systems are expensive to install and are currently only used for special purposes.

p. Many of the West’s large _____ national companies have substantial operations in the poor African countries.

q. The company now has 40% of the American _____- computer market.

r. Both monetary policy and fiscal policy can be used to ____ flate the economy.

s. The ____ polist can obtain a high profit by restricting supply and demanding a high price.

t. A ____ pression is characterized by low profits, investment and high unemployment.

u. auto de dec inter maxi mega

v. micro mini mono multi semi sub

Образование антонимов.

Антонимы многих слов в английском языке образуются путем добавления разных латинских префиксов ( приставок). Например:

attractive - unattractive ; advantage - disadvantage ; polite - impolite ; correct - incorrect ; understand - misunderstand.

Упр.2.5.1. Образуйте антонимы с помощью префиксов in-, im- и un- и запишите их в виде трех колонок в соответствии с использованным префиксом.

likely certain possible true valid

exact pure perfect equal usual

common visible practical suitable appropriate

direct able active stable convenient

plausible accurate complete reasonable significant

known even satisfactory favourable mistakable

pleasant friendly patient sane usable

contaminated identified sufficient determined flexible

Упр.2.5.2. Образуйте антонимы от слов, данных ниже, путем добавления соответствующего префикса.

In- un- im- dis-

___frequently, ___loyal, ___comfort, ___specific, ___real, ___probably, ___available, ___assemble, ___suitable, ___proper, ___fit, ___occupied, ___order, ___distinguished

Упр.2.5.3. Образуйте антонимы с помощью префиксов отрицательного значения от следующих слов:

honest ferrous legal to connect to pronounce to arrange regular agree fatal acceptable maturity negotiable certified necessary honoured agreement applicable employed manage stability effective informed active competent expensive profitable

Упр.2.5.5. Добавьте префикс или измените суффикс, чтобы образовать антонимы следующих прилагательных, глаголов и существительных:

to believe useful importance

to pack reliable efficiency

to like painful sense

to appear experienced material

to approve tidy probable

to lock mature responsible

to connect harmless

Упр.2.5.6. Прочитайте следующие предложения, найдите слова с префиксами и постарайтесь понять, что в каждом случае означает префикс.

a. Floppy disks are inexpensive and reusable.

b. If a printer malfunctions, you should check the interface cable.

c. The multiplexor was not working because someone had disconnected it by mistake.

d. Improper installation of the antiglare shield will make it impossible to read what is on the screen.

e. After you transfer text using the “out and paste” feature, you may have to reformat the text you have inserted.

f. You can maximize your chances of finding a job if you are bilingual or even trilingual.

g. Peripheral devices can be either input devices (such as keyboards) or output devices (such as printers).

h. Your pay rise is retroactive to the beginning of June and you will receive a biannual bonus.

i. The octal and hexadecimal systems are number systems used as a form of shorthand in reading groups of four binary digits.

Суффиксы, используемые для образования слов, относящихся к человеку.

Упр.2.2.2.a. Составьте список из 10 соответствующих пар существительных, одно из которых является отвлеченнным понятием, а другое относится к человеку. Составьте список суффиксов, относящихся к человеку.

employee alcoholic servant service racket

youth carpentry geology sociability racketeer

innovator youngster authoress socialite authorship

carpenter employment geologist alcoholism innovation

Abstract noun. Noun referring to people.

service servant

Упр.2.2.2.b. Объясните разницу между следующими парами слов.

-or/-er -ee

employer employee

payer payee

trainer trainee

licenser|or licensee

grantor grantee

interviewer interviewee

2.2.3. Суффиксы прилагательных.

Упр.2.2.3.a. 15 пар слов представлены в случайном порядке. Одно слово в каждой паре является существительным, а другое – прилагательным. Напишите каждое слово в соответствующую колонку. Подчеркните 15 суффиксов прилагательных. Проанализируйте их.

Nouns Adjectives

ease easy

fame famous

Упр.2.2.3.b. Суффиксы –ian, -er, -ist используются для обозначения профессий, суффиксы -y, -ics – для обозначения дисциплин, которые они изучают. Ниже приводится список дисциплин, людей, которые ими занимаются, и производные от них прилагательные. Заполните таблицу, используя словарь, если это необходимо.

Отметьте ударный слог. Ударные слоги могут быть разными в каждой колонке. Добавьте собственные примеры

Суффиксы отвлеченных существительных.

Упр.2.2.1.При помощи суффикса –ry образуются существительные, означающие совокупность предметов (a machine – машина, machinery – станки и механизмы), некоторым словам он придаёт собирательное значение (gentry - мелкопоместное дворянство), некоторые существительные с таким суффиксом означают помещение для какого-то множества (nursery – детские ясли) Назовите основные значения, при­даваемые суффиксом -ry, и переведите следующие сло­ва на русский язык.

surgery conservatory (conservatoire) granary chivalry aviary rocketry circuitry ironmongery

Упр.2.2.1.a. Образуйте существительные от глаголов, добавляя соответствующие суффиксы. Переведите их на русский язык.

-ation -ence/-ance - ment

1 observe 1 depend 1 conceal

2 inform 2 infer 2 move

3 determine 3 accept 3 agree

4 form 4 exist 4 judge

5 examine 5 correspond 5 advertise

6 oblige 6 prefer 6 encourage

7 ionise 7 occur 7 require

8 excite 8 resist 8 measure

9 combine 9 appear 9 arrange

10 organise 10 assist 10 manage

11 utilise 11 accord 11 state

12 exploit 12 refer 12 improve

13 install 13 perform 13 develop

14 confirm 14 persist 14 retire

-al -ure -y

1 survive 1 press 1 deliver

2 remove 2 expose 2 inquire

3 approve 3 please 3 enquire

4 refuse 4 fail 4 discover

5 arrive 5 erase 5 recover

6 propose 6 disclose 6 flatter

Упр.2.2.1.b. Найдите существительное, образованное от глагола. Напишите соответствующий глагол.

1. The man was arrested because of his failure to pay income taxes.

2. The removal of his car was illegal.

3. His father is an art collector.

4. The paper he wrote shows his mastery of the subject.

5. We need your assistance before we can finish repairing this bicycle.

6. Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin brought about significant changes in plantation life.

7. The departure of the airliner was delayed by stormy weather.

8. At the conclusion of the movie, please remain seated.

9. A group of volunteers will put up the party decorations tonight.

10. His proposal was approved by the head of the company.

Упр.2.2.1.c. Образуйте существительные от следующих глаголов. Одни существительные совпадают с глаголом по форме. Другие образуются с помощью суффиксов –ment или -al( в этом случае конечная буква e опускается).

Verb:to aim, to arrive, to judge, to invest, to approve, to refuse, to announce, to blame, to delay, to mistake, to rest, to survive, to develop, to propose, to trouble

Noun:

Упр.2.2.1.d. Используя суффиксы –ion, -ment, -tion, -ance, -ssion, -age образуйте существительные от глаголов, приведенных ниже. Проверьте себя по словарю. Обратите внимание на ударный слог: во всех образованных существительных он – предпоследний.

Verb: explain, enjoy, pack, expect, achieve, use, avoid, require, admit, disappoint, allow, excite

Noun: explan¢ation

Упр.2.2.1.e. Заполните пропуски, образовав от приведенной в скобках основы нужное существительное, используя суффиксы –age, -tude, -ism.

a. A _____ in the hydraulic system was diagnosed. (leak)

b. In mathematics ________ is a one-to-one correspondence. (homeomorph-)

c. These systems are capable of performing ______ of different tasks. (multi-)

d. ______ is a widespread phenomenon in animals and plants, determined by differences in either genetic constitution, enviromental conditions, or both. (polymorph-)

e. There has been a twenty per cent _____ in the steel industry in the past few years. (shrink)

f. A decision of this _____ had to have national support. (magni-)

g. Dalton the physicist received lavish _____ in his formative years. (patron)

h. _____ is caused by the motion of atomic electrons, which, since they are charged, constitute a current. ( diamagnet-)

i. Computers have a ______ capacity greater than the human memory. (store)

Упр.2.2.3.с. С помощью суффиксов –ness, -less, -ful образуйте от основы слова прилагательное или существительное, соответствующее русскому эквиваленту из правой колонки.

Упр.2.2.3.d. Образуйте недостающие части речи. Проверьте себя по словарю. Обратите внимание на произношение слов.

Noun Adjective Verb

creation

basic

conclusion

Noun Verb

to agree

to invent

to complain

discovery

preparation

Noun Adjective

famous

theory

tradition

possible

Упр.2.2.3.e. Выберите подходящее прилагательное из предложенного списка и напишите его на месте пропуска.

rocky penniless eventful yearly babyish

silklike careless musical metallic stormy

The yearly cost of the insurance is $452.

1. Polyester is a __________ material.

2. Saturday was certainly an __________ day.

3. The car was badly damaged on the _________ road.

4. Sheila made some _________ mistakes on her income tax.

5. She liked silver and other _________ colours.

6. The _______ old man lived alone in his big house.

7. The piano is his favourite _________ instrument.

8. The seven-year-old boy still behaves in a ______ manner.

9. The __________ sky showed how near the hurricane was.

Упр.2.2.3.f. Суффикс -ly может быть добавлен и к существительным, и к прилагательным. В первом случае образуется прилагательное, во втором – наречие. Анализируя основу, к которой добавлен суффикс -ly, укажите какой частью речи является слово, вписав его в соответствующую колонку. В списке количество прилагательных и наречий одинаково.

worldly easily foolishly beautifully yearly costly womanly stately universally carelessly neighbourly cowardly shapely seriously passively nervously ghostly lovely friendly enjoyably gladly finally

Прилагательные, оканчивающиеся на –ly Наречия, оканчивающиеся на -ly

worldly beautifully

Упр.2.2.3.g. Определите, правильно ли употреблены подчеркнутые слова.

Пример: We lost the match because we didn’t play very good. - неправильно, должно быть well.

Ann has been working very hard recently. - правильно.

1. Give my best wishes to your parents. I hope they are well.

2. The children behaved themselves very good.

3. I tried hardly to remember his name but I couldn’t.

4. The company’s financial situation is not well at present.

5. Don’t walk so fast! Can’t you walk more slowly?

6. These instruments are well suited for such measurements.

7. Amperometric titrations are almost carried out by making a few measurements good before the equivalence point and a few more good after the equivalence point.

Упр.2.2.3.h. Определите, являются ли подчеркнутые слова прилагательными или наречиями в зависимости от их функций в предложении.

righta)What’s the right time? b) Right you are! c) He turned right round. d) Is the answer right or wrong?

high a) It’s high time to go. b) The cost of living reached a new high level last month. c) If you don’t fly high you won’t achieve your targets.

early a) He is an early riser. b) It’s better to be too early than too late. c) The early bird gets the worm. d) Come as early as possible.

easya) The article is easy to translate. b) Many people would like to live in easy circumstances, but a few can. c) Take it easy!

fast a) My watch is five minute fast. b) Don’t speak so fast! c) Her tears fell fast. d) Jack is a very fast runner.

deep a) The lake was ten meters deep in its middle. b) He walked fast with his hands deep in his pockets. c) It’s a deep secret. d) Still waters run deep (пословица). e) He went on studying deep into the night.

harda) She found it hard to make up her mind. b) It’s hard for foreigners to master English spelling. c) Regular physical exercises soon made the boys hard. d) Students are sure that examiners are hard hearted people. e) He tried hard to succeed. f) The widow was hard hit by her loss.

longa) Don’t be too long about it, do it quickly. b) Stay as long as you like. c) He wasn’t long in making up his mind.

late a) Don’t be late for classes! b) The train was ten minutes late. c) Post graduate students often keep late hours carrying out their experiments or calculations. d) Better late than never.

half a) This meat is half-cooked. b) Some students are half-dead having passed the last exam.

quick a) If you haven’t enough time to eat, have a quick meal! b) Let’s analyze the projects and find a quick way to solve our problems. c) Can’t you run quicker? d) I don’t know any get-rich-quick methods.

slowa) That clock is five minutes slow. b) We had to buy tickets for slow train because we failed to book ones for an express train. c) How slow the time passes! d) You ought to go slow until you feel really well again.

wella) Does this blouse go well with that skirt? b) All’s well that ends well. c) These people are very well off.

Суффиксы глаголов.

Упр.2.2.4.a. Образуйте глаголы от прилагательных и существительных, используя соответствующие суффиксы.

-en -fy -ize/-ise

black politic false tight character sharp sympathy loose local short pure wide normal empathy

Упр.2.2.4.b. Заполните пропуски, образовав от приведенной в скобках основы нужный глагол.

a. Don’t ______ on things which will hardly save you any money. (economy)

b. With the aid of a screwdriver, _____ the two screws at each end. (loose)

c. The final division of Germany was _______ by the completion of the Berlin Wall. (simbol)

d. This mathematical function is used to ______ the wave functions of elemantary particles. (specific)

e. It is a systematic attempt to ______ our competitive ability. (strength)

f. I ______ with the philosophy students. (social)

g. The only way we are going to compete with the West is to ______ .(industry)

h. The subject is immensely complex, and hard to _____ . (simple)

i. The chalcopyrite structure compounds can _____ either in the ordered or disordered states. (crystal)

j. 71 % of emploees are _____ in Belgium. (union)

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