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Main types of word building





1. What are the principal ways of English word formation?

2. What is the morphological and the derivational structure of the words: disillusionment, overlooker, overproduction.

3. Explain the difference between productive and non-productive affixes.

4. Pick out words with prefix pre-: prepay, prepare, prefer, preside, president, prevail, pretend, preview, previous.

5. What is the origin of English prefixes?

6. Do prefixes in the following words have the same meaning or different?

a) unwillig, untie, unbearable, unbind, unbend.

b) Displease, disclose, disobey, disaffectation.

7. State the origin and explain the meaning of the suffixes in the following words: childhood, friendship, hardship, freedom, manhood, boredom, teacher, hindrance, drunkard.

8. Give a definition of conversion.

9. Explain the drawbacks of the terms: conversion, zero derivation, root formation, functional change.

10. What is word composition?

11. Analyse the structure of the following compounds and classify them: baby-sit, backbite, blackboard, black-eyed, bloodthirsty, cease-fire, classroom, colour-blind, daybreak, die-hard, forget-me-not, good-for-nothing, good-looking, hot-blooded, lady-killer, moonbeam, narrow-chested, navy-blue, up-to-date, H-bag, speedometer.

 

Seminar 7.

Minor types of building.

1. Classify the following units according to type of word-formation.

A.B.C., A-bomb, ad, a.m., auto, B.A., bus, cab, Capt., comfy, D-day, dorm, laser, M.P., perm, zoo, radar, Prof., branch, N.Y.

2. Characterize the phenomenon of initial abbreviation.

3. Give a definition of clippings and introduce classifications..2

4. 0000000

5. Classify the following clippings.

condo < condominium,hood < neighbourhood,graf < graffity, Amerenglish < American English, pol < politician, teen< teenager, mersh < commercial, diss < disrespect, stew < stewardess, indie < independent, Amerasian < American Asian, def < definitive, resto < restaurant, detox < detoxification fax< facsimile, Motown < Motor Town( Motown describes a type of black music , originated by Tamla - Motown Records , founded in 1960 by Berry Gordy Jr .)



6. Introduce a theory of blends.

7. Comment on the structure of the following words.

tizzy - tinny + buzzing, zootique - zoo+boutique, advertorial - advertisement + editorial, blaxploitation - blacks exploitation, buppie - a black yuppie, dramedy - drama + comedy, infomercial - information + commercial, magalog - magazine + catalogue, rockumentary - rock music + documentary, crincly - crumbly + wrinkly.

8. What types of acronyms do you know?

Read the following passages and explain the principles of back-formation.

This is one of the curiosities of word-formation. It occurs when a word is wrongly imagined to be a derivative from some other (non-existent) form, and this hypothetical basic form is then invented and becomes a word in the language. An example of back-formation in English which is often cited (though is not an absolutely certain one) is the verb to beg, probably derived by back-formation from the noun beggar. If this theory is right, the noun beggar is derived from Old French begard in time, however, it came to be wrongly apprehended as a derivative form containing the agent suffix -er, and a verb to beg was ac­cordingly created as the stem of this form. It will be seen that back-formation is in fact an example of analogy: the speaker knows pairs like rob/robber and drink/drinker, and when he hears the word beggar he makes it conform to the pattern by inventing a form beg. Another well-known historical example of back-formation in English is the verb to sidle, from the adverb sidling.

Back-formation is not of much importance in the growth of the vocabulary, but there are a few examples of its operation in our times. One is the verb automate, 'introduce automatic machinery into (an industry, a factory)', formed from the noun automation on the analogy of such pair as' inflate/inflation, meditate/meditation; the noun automa­tion is itself a new word, presumably formed from auto­matic...



Perhaps we should also count as back-formation such compound verbs as baby-sit, bird-watch, hedge-hop ('fly very low'), and mass-produce1, it seems probable that such verbs have not been formed direct, but are derived from verbal nouns like bird-watching, and hedge-hopping', when, by constant collocation, such compound nouns have come to be felt as one word, a verb is then derived from them by back-formation.

(Charles Barber. Linguistic Change in Present-day English, p. 94)

Back-formation is a fruitful source of new forms. Some of these are deliberate, though many were originally the result of ignorance; often it has happened that a word has been thought to be formed from a primary stem by the addi­tion of a suffix when this has not been the case, and so a new 'root-form' has been unconsciously coined...

In the sixteenth century grovelling was an adverb, with the meaning 'on the ground, in the abject manner'. Because the adverbial ending -ling was confused with the ending -ing, it was thought to be a present participle, for such a word could be used in many contexts where a present participle might be expected, and so a new verb to grovel was formed...

As an example of verbs formed from nouns we may note butcher, from Fr. boucher\ the -er has no connection with the English suffix -er to denote an agent, yet the verb to butch appears in some dialects. In the* standard language editor gives to edit, though -or 'is an integral part of the word, and not a mere suffix added to a verbal stem (Latin editor — one who gives out from edere — to give out); and similarly to audit, to hawk, to peddle, to swindle, developed from auditor, hawker, pedlar, and swindler...

To burgle is quite a recent formation, but burglar goes back to Middle English, and cobbler is probably older than to cobble. This is a reversal of the usual process, for most names of agents are formed from a verb by the addition of a suffix, but in all these cases the noun is recorded earlier than the verb.

Nouns have formed from adjectives by this process, as greed from greedy,..

... The verb 'to donate, developed from the noun donation, is perhaps hardly yet standard English, yet it is becoming more and more frequent, although the NED[1] doubly damns it as chiefly US and, in the sense of 'grant, give', also 'vulgar'. Another recent example has developed from television; the second element of this word, is from the Latin past participle visas, and from this, not from the Latin infinitive videre, we have developed a new verb, to televise. The Americanism to enthuse, developed from enthusiast, enthusiasm, is very recent, but has already gained a footing on this side of the Atlantic. To vamp seems to be well on the way to being established, and to reminisce seems to be used more frequently also...



This type of formation is found more frequently in colloquial speech, and has also been put to humorous use; G. K. Chesterton writes: "The wicked grocer groces", the parodist J. K- Stephen has:

The Rudyards cease from kipling And the Haggards ride no more.

and W. S. Gilbert in The Pirates of Penzance has "When the enterprising burglar isn't burgling". Only the last of these is acceptable yet in standard English, yet they do show a tendency, and indeed there is much good sense in such formations, if an actor acts and a painter paints, why may not a butler buttle, or a scupltor sculpt?...

(J. A. Sheard. The Words We Use, pp. 83-86)

Sentences given below illustrate the usage of verbs formed through regression (back-formation).

1. She was liaisingwith them all (<liason, n). 2. Intuitinga situation — not quite to her liking. (<intuition). 3. It is an education to valet and buttleyour lordship (<butler). 4. Pinky laughed rather wildly and said: "If I don't tell somebody, I'll spontaneously combust,so I'm going to tell you." (<combustion). 5. You know the old saying — nothing propinkslike propinquity. 6. They were so badly injured that they had to be painlessly euthed(<euthanazia). 7. The leading lady leading man Bad Beginning has been a staple of dramaturgy as long as it has been turging.

Following are other cases of back-formation. Determine the source.

conscript v, emote v, frivol v, locomote v, orate vt pea n, peeve v

Seminar 8

Phraseology

1. Phraseological units are primarily characterized by the contradiction which exists between the semantic integrity of the whole and the formal independence of its parts. Proceeding from this distinction make up two lists out of the following combinations of words — free combinations of words and phraseological units.

at death's door, at long last, beat about the bush, big house, bite off more than one can chew, black suit, black sheep, by heart, dance around the room, draw a blank, draw the curtains, fall in love, fly high, going strong, open wide, pass through the door, pay through the nose, red tape, smell a flower, smell a rat

2. Explain the meanings of the following combinations of words a) as free word combinations and b) as phraseological units c) classify them.

be on firm ground, best man, the bird is flown, black ball, blow one's own trumpet, break the ice, burn one's fingers, first night, give smb a ring, keep one's head above water, look after, meet smb half-way, run out, show smb the door, throw down the glove, touch bottom

2a. Give Russian equivalents for the phraseological units listed above.

3. Study the passage below and arrange the expressions following it according to their degree of 'freedom' or ”set ness”.[2]

It is impossible to establish a sharp boundary between free combinations and set ones. It can be shown that there are different degrees of 'setness', or different degrees of restrictions. If we compare expressions like light burden, light bag with combinations like light supper, light food, we see that in the latter ones, the combinatorial possi­bilities are more restricted. In combinations as light infantry, the restriction is more severe and the combinations seem to approach the status of a multiword lexical unit, if it has not reached it already. And in light hand, we have undoubtedly a set combination before us.

(Ladislav Zgusta. Manual of Lexicography, pp. 154-155)

4. Read the passage given below, make a plan and comment on it.

“The status of phraseology and its object of investigation

Phraseology is an intermediary field, being close, in the reference literature, both to vocabulary studies, since it studies fixed word combinations, characterized by a unitary meaning, as well as to syntax, since phraseologic phenomena are defined by syntactic relations of various kinds, which are realized on a syntagmatic axis (Boroianu, 1974, I: 24). Given the expressive nature of phraseologic phenomena, these have also been associated to stylistics (Bally, 1951: 66-87; Iordan, 1975: 265-304). Taking into consideration the possibility of differentiating styles and functional variants of a language by analysing phraseologic units, it has been particularly drawn closer to functional stylistics (Coteanu, 1973: 99).

But beyond the closeness to different linguistic disciplines, phraseology tends to be regarded as an autonomous discipline, with its own object and methods of investigation (Hristea, 1984: 134).

The term phraseology designates the discipline as well as its object, the set or totality of phraseologic units in a given language. According to the origin of phraseologisms, a line has been drawn between two areas of investigation, namely, linguistic phraseology understood as “a community’s means of expression” and literary phraseology including “aphorisms, witticism, word combinations with an accidental character, belonging to certain writers, outstanding people” (Boroianu, 1974, I: 27).

As an autonomous discipline, the object of research of phraseology consists in phraseologic units from a given language (or a group of languages). The concept of phraseologic unit (unité phraséologique) has been first used by Charles Bally, in Précis de stylistique, wherefrom it was taken by V. V. Vinogradov and other Soviet linguists, who translated it by frazeologhiceskaia edinitsa, which led to the term frazeologhizm, with the same meaning, and then subsequently borrowed by different languages belonging to the European culture (Hristea, 1984: 138). In present-day Romanian linguistics, the concepts of phraseologic unit and phraseologism are seriously challenged, on different levels, by the structures stable syntactic groups, phraseologic groups, constant word combinations, fixed word combinations, fixed syntagms, syntagmatic units. For that matter, Casia Zaharia has drawn out an extensive list of phraseologic terms used in Romanian and German linguistics and also wrote, at the same time and in a paper on comparative phraseology with a significant theoretical foundation, a biography of the most important ones (Zaharia, 2004: 97-107).

To clearly delineate the area of phraseology as a linguistic discipline, we may regard it as starting where vocabulary meets syntax, once the boundaries of the word - conceived as a semantic and functional unit contained in-between spaces (Boroianu, 1974, I: 27) - have been crossed. Therefore, the delineation of the field of phraseology requires, on the one hand, the separation of lexicology by illustrating the differences between the phraseologic unit and the compound word and, on the other hand, the separation from syntax by differentiation from syntagm or the phrase of an accidental, unrepeatable, unstable nature. Fulvia Ciobanu and Finuţa Hasan attempt to outline stable syntactic groups of words, starting from the premise that a compound represents one single word and the syntactic group, several words. Taking into account the three characteristics of a word, morphological unit, syntactic unit and syntactic behaviour, the authors aim at defining the category of compound words. Morphologically speaking, the elements which distinguish compound words from fixed syntactic groups are the presence of inflection, the indefinite article, the existence of a single main accent. Semantically speaking, the relations between the terms of the compound are, most of the times, understandable. In terms of syntactic behaviour, the compound word which displays morphological unity, behaves like a simple word, not allowing the insertion of a determinant, and compound words with no morphological unity can be separated by possessive or demonstrative adjectives (Ciobanu - Hasan, 1970: 8-19).

The difference between phraseological units and free word combinations is derived precisely from the syntactic stability of the former which, having been established through usage, are felt as distinct units due to the very fusion (to a larger or smaller extent) of the constitutive elements. Anyway, the borders between free word combinations and phraseologic units, as well as those between a phraseologic unit and a compound word are volatile: due to frequent use, a free word combination may turn into a phraseologic unit and, in its turn, this may become, in time and also through frequent and long use, a compound word.”

Petronela Savin

План лексикологического анализа текста

1. Contextual meaning (2-3 words).

2. Analysis into I.C. (1 word).

3. Types of morphemic segmentability (complete, conditional, defective).

4. Types of morphemes (structurally: free, semi-free, bound; semantically: root, affixational).

5. Types of word-building (main, minor).

6. Phraseology (Smirnitsky: collocations, set expressions, idioms; Vinogradov: phraseological fusions, unities, collocations).

7. Synonyms (types, synonymic dominant).

8. Antonyms (root, derivational; conversives).

9. Homonyms.

10. Functional styles.

11. Variant of the English language.

 

 








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