Договор о нераспространении ядерного оружия (ДНЯО), самый универсальный из всех многосторонних договоров о разоружении, был открыт для подписания в 1968 году и вступил в силу в 1970 году.

5.В 2003 году Конференция по содействию вступлению в силу Договора о всеобъемлющем запрещении ядерных испытаний (ДВЗЯИ) проходила в Вене и приняла резолюцию, подчеркивающую значимость универсального и действенного Договора как основного соглашения по всем аспектам разоружения и нераспространения.

6.Важную роль в международных усилиях, направленных на предотвращение распространения ядерного оружия, играет Международное агентство по атомной энергии (МАГАТЭ)

7.С вступлением в силу Конвенции по химическому оружию (КХО) в 1997 году был завершен процесс, начавшийся еще в 1925 году, когда Женевский протокол наложил запрет на применение боевых отравляющих веществ.

8.Конвенция создала, впервые в истории международного контроля за вооружениями, жесткий международный режим контроля (включающий сбор информации на химических предприятиях и обычные общие проверки) за соблюдением государствами – членами Конвенции обязательств договора, чем занимается учрежденная для этой цели Организация по запрещению химического оружия (ОЗХО) со штаб-квартирой в Гааге (Нидерланды).

9.Организация Объединенных Наций провела три крупные всемирные конференции по исследованию и использованию космического пространства в мирных целях, которые прошли в Вене.

10.Первая конференция в 1968 году рассмотрела практические выгоды, получаемые в результате изучения и исследования космического пространства, и вопрос о том, в какой степени другие страны, не осваивающие космос, в частности, развивающиеся, могут пользоваться ими.

GETTING FURTHER BASIC INFORMATION

Exercise 14.

Read the text to obtain more information on the topic.

START

START-1 and START-2 first limit and then destroy all Russian land-based multi- warhead missiles (Mirvs), the stars of the rocket fleet Under START-1, signed in 1991, Russia is to destroy half of its heavy SS-18 missiles. The United States and Russia reduce their strategic nuclear warheads from more than 10,000 to about 6,000. START-2, signed in 1993, requires the reduction of their strategic arsenals to between 3000 and 3500 nuclear warheads each by 2003.

The outline of START-3 – a limit of from 2,000 to 2,500 strategic nuclear warheads for each country – was agreed on by Clinton and Yeltsin in 1997. But Russia, unable now to maintain a large nuclear arsenal wants more drastic reductions: to 1,500 warheads or fewer Russia also wants to impose some limits on the deployment of U.S. long-range sea-based cruise missiles, but the suggestion has been rejected by Washington.

Comprehension check:

1 What is the goal of START-1 and START-2?

2. How must the USA and Russia reduce their strategic nuclear warheads under START-1 and START-2?

3. What outline was agreed under START-3?

Exercise 16.

Read the text to gain information.

NEW START

New START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) (Russian: СНВ-III, SNV-III) is a nuclear arms reduction treaty between the United States of America and the Russian Federation. The formal name is Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms. It was signed on 8 April 2010 in Prague, and, after ratification entered into force on 5 February 2011. It is expected to last at least until 2021.

New START replaced the Treaty of Moscow (SORT).

Under terms of the treaty, the number of strategic nuclear missile launchers will be reduced by half. A new inspection and verification regime will be established, replacing the SORT mechanism. It does not limit the number of operationally inactive stockpiled nuclear warheads.

Under the terms of the treaty, the number of strategic nuclear missile launchers will be reduced by half. The treaty limits the number of deployed strategic nuclear warheads to 1,550. It will also limit the number of deployed and non-deployed inter-continental ballistic missile (ICBM) launchers, submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) launchers. The treaty allows for satellite and remote monitoring, as well as 18 on-site inspections per year to verify limits.

These obligations must be met within seven years from the date the treaty enters into force. The treaty will last ten years. The treaty entered into force on 5 February 2011, when the United States and Russia exchanged instruments of ratification, following approval by the U.S. Senate and the Federal Assembly of Russia. However, the United States began implementing the reductions even before the treaty was ratified. The treaty places no limits on tactical systems, such as the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II, which will most likely be replacing the F-15E and F-16 in the tactical nuclear delivery role.

The treaty does not cover rail-mobile ICBM launchers because neither party currently possesses such systems.

Exercise 17.

Give the English equivalents:

to ratify a treaty, strategic nuclear missile launchers, to enter into force, a verification, to reduce nuclear weapons, to deploy strategic warheads; verification regime, be established, influence smth, place no limits, obligation, reductions, limits on tactical systems

Exercise 18.

Give the Russian equivalents:

Разместить стратегические боеголовки, ратифицировать договор, сокращать ядерное оружие, подписать договор, вступить в силу; не устанавливать ограничения, основан, влиять на ч-л, обязательства, сокращения, проверка, ограничения на тактические системы.

Exercise 19.

Match the words from column A with column B

Exercise 20.

Comprehension check:

1. When was New START signed?

2. When did New START enter into force?

3. In what way a new inspection and verification regime will be established?

4. How does the treaty influence the number of strategic nuclear missile launchers?

5. What was the position of the United States before the treaty was ratified?

6. What limits does the treaty place on tactical systems?

Exercise 21.

Insert the missing word combinations in the text below.

Key words:

The Russian Federation, 8 April 2010, 5 February 2011, United States of America, the original START treaty, the U.S. Senate, the Federal Assembly of Russia, implementing, ICBM launchers, nuclear disarmament treaty

1. New START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) (Russian: СНВ-III, SNV-III) is a nuclear arms reduction treaty between the….. and …...with the formal name of Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms.

2. New START was signed on …. ..in Prague, and, after ratification entered into force on ….

3. The treaty entered into force on 5 February 2011, when the United States and Russia exchanged instruments of ratification, following approval by ..… and… However, the United States began ……. the reductions even before the treaty was ratified.

4. The treaty does not cover rail-mobile ……. because neither party currently possesses such systems.

5. The treaty limits the number of ……. deployed strategic nuclear warheads to 1,550, which is down nearly two-thirds from, as well as 10% lower than the deployed strategic warhead limit of the 2002 Moscow Treaty.

6. With the stroke of two pens, President Obama and Russian President Dmitri Medvedev signed a new ..….. in Prague today, replacing the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) that expired Dec. 5.

Exercise 22.

Read the text and translate it orally.

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