ACCOUNTS AND BALANCE SHEETS

From the Trial Balance, prepared by the bookkeeper, the accountant creates a Profit and Loss Statement and Balance Sheet.

A Profit and Loss Statement or a Profit and Loss Account, shows the income or loss of the company for the period. The Profit and Loss Statement is made only on the basis of those accounts of the Ledger which affect the profit and loss of the company. The Profit and Loss Statement may contain the following items:

The other accounts of the Ledger which reflect the assets, liabilities and capital of the firm, make up a Balance Sheet. This shows the net value or book value of the company.

1. Дайте русские эквиваленты следующих терминов:

2. Заполните пропуски словами из текста:

1) A profit and Loss Statement … the income or loss of the company for the period.

2) The accountant … a Profit and Loss Statement and Balance sheet.

3) The Profit and Loss Statement is … only on the basis of those accounts of the Ledger which affect the profit and loss of the company.

РАЗДЕЛ 5. Деловая корреспонденция. Контракты и счет-фактуры

UNIT 5. Business correspondence. Contracts and invoices

Text 20.

Прочтите Tекст 20 и выполните задания после текста.

PRICES AND TERMS OF DELIVERY

When sellers quote prices in their offers they usually state on what terms, at this price, they will deliver the goods. The price will certainly depend on the terms of delivery. Terms of delivery are included in internationally recognized standard that is used worldwide in international and domestic contracts for the sale of goods, e.g. Incoterms 2010. “Incoterms” mean International Commerce Terms. The most popular terms of delivery in foreign business transactions are:

– FOB (free on board) - If the goods are offered on FOB terms, the price will include the cost of the goods and transportation expenses to the port of shipment.

– CIF (cost, insurance and freight) - the price will cover the cost of the goods, insurance expenses and freight expenses or transportation expenses, to the port of destination;

– С & F (cost and freight) - the price will cover the cost of the goods and freight to the port of destination;

– FOR (free on rail)- the price will include the cost of the goods and transportation expenses to the railway station only

Here are a few examples of how terms of delivery can be mentioned in offers:

– The price is USD 2,000.00 per ton FOB New York.

– The quoted price is GBP 1,200.00 each CIF Murmansk.

– We can offer the goods at the price of GBP 78.00 per metre С & F Liverpool.

– The goods are offered on a FOR basis.

The date of the bill of lading issued in the name of the Buyers is to be considered the date of delivery.

Payment is usually made by a letter of credit on presentation of the following documents:

1) Sellers’ Commercial Invoice

2) Full set of clean on board Bills of Lading

3) Quality Certificate issued by the laboratory

4) Weight Certificate issued by the recognized company

5) Certificate of Origin issued by the Chamber of Commerce and Industry

6) Insurance Policy issued by the State Insurance company.

1. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1. Is delivery of goods considered by sellers when they quote prices?

2. What is Incoterms?

3. What does the price include if the goods are offered on FOB terms?

4. What does the price include if the goods are offered on CIF terms?

5. What does the price include if the goods are offered on С & F terms?

6. What does the price include if the goods are offered on FOR terms?

2. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты слов и выражений профессионально-ориентированной лексики:

Выставить цену, предложения, доставить товар, условия поставки, продажа товаров, стоимость товаров и транспортировки, порт отгрузки, страховые расходы, грузовые расходы, порт назначения, способ транспортировки, перевозятся на борту корабля, перевозятся по железной дороге, за тонну, за метр.

3. Расскажите, используя профессионально-орентированную лексику, что говорится в тексте о:

Price, terms of delivery, Incoterms, the most popular terms of delivery.

Text 21.

Прочтите Tекст 21 и выполните задания после текста.

TERMS OF PAYMENT

Offers usually state the terms on which the goods are to be paid or terms of payment.

Terms of payment usually mean the currency, time of payment, mode of payment and many details.

In foreign trade transactions various modes of payment are practised, among which the most popular are as follows:

– by a banker's transfer;

– by a letter of credit;

– for collection;

– by drafts;

– on an open account.

Sometimes mixed terms are practiced. That depends on the value of the goods, volume of the goods, time of delivery and many other factors.

Here is an example of how terms of payment can be stipulated in the offer for some expensive sophisticated equipment:

We propose the following terms of payment...

Ten percent of the total sum should be paid in advance by telegraphic banker's transfer.

Fifty percent of the total sum should be paid by telegraphic banker's transfer within 30 days after your bank receives shipping documents.

Forty percent of the total sum should be paid by drafts at 90 days' sight.

1. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1. Do offers usually state terms of payment?

2. What particulars do terms of payment cover?

3. What terms of payment are practiced in foreign trade?

4. On what does the choice of terms of payment depend?

5. What example of terms of payment is quoted in the text?

2. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты слов и выражений профессионально-ориентированной лексики:

Предложение, условия платежа, товары оплачиваются, сделки международной торговли, способы платежей, банковский перевод, аккредитив, валюта на инкассо, тратта (вексель), по открытому счёту, ценность товара, объем товара, время доставки, общая сумма, произвести предоплату, погрузочные документы.

3. Расскажите, используя профессионально-орентированную лексику, что говорится в тексте о:

Terms of payment, modes of payment.

Text 22.

Прочтите Tекст 22 и выполните задания после текста.

COMMERCIAL INVOICES

Commercial invoices are usually issued by sellers or sellers' banks after the goods are shipped. Together with shipping documents invoices are usually sent to the buyers’ bank for payment. Commercial invoices generally contain the following information:

– number and date of the invoice;

– number and date of the contract;

– date of delivery;

– number and date of the transport document;

– description of the goods;

– price per unit;

– quantity;

– total amount to be paid.

Here is a part of a specimen invoice:

Invoice No R04-22

Date: 27 November, 1994

Contract Reference: Contract 32-1 of 4 September, 1994

Payment terms: by letter of credit

Sold to: Petro Co., Liverpool, England

Shipped: by Hafta Co., Liverpool, England

Vessel: Alexander Pushkin

Date of shipment: 20 November, 1994

Port of shipment: Riga

Port of destination: Liverpool

Description: Chemicals ST, CIF Liverpool

Quantity: 5000 kg.

Unit price: GBP 175.00 per kilo

Total amount: GBP 875, 000. 00

Currency: English Pound Sterling

Bank: United Bank, Liverpool

1. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1. When are commercial invoices issued?

2. What information is usually included in the invoice?

3. Look at the part of the specimen invoice n the text above. When were the goods shipped?

4. How were the goods paid? How much goods were shipped?

5. What is the price per unit and the total amount to be paid?

2. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты слов и выражений профессионально-ориентированной лексики:

Коммерческий инвойс, выставить инвойс, транспортно-сопроводительные документы, дата доставки, условия платежа, аккредитив, судно, дата отгрузки, порт назначения, наименование товара, цена за единицу; цена за тонну; общая сумма к оплате, валюта.

РАЗДЕЛ 6. Маркетинг

UNIT 6. Marketing

Text 23.

Прочтите Tекст 23 и выполните задания после текста.

MARKETING

Marketing includes all the business activities connected with the movement of goods and services from producers to consumers. Sometimes it is called distribution. On the one hand, marketing is made up of such activities as transporting, storing and selling goods and, on the other hand, a series of decisions you make during the process of moving goods from producer to user. Marketing operations include product planning, buying, storage, pricing, promotion, selling, credit, traffic and marketing research.

The ability to recognize early trends is very important. Producers must know why, where, for what purpose the consumers buy. Market research helps the producer to predict what the people will want. And through advertising he attempts to influence the customer to buy. Marketing operations are very expensive. They take up more than half of the consumer's dollar. Thе trend in the USA has been to high mass consumption. The construction of good shopping centres has made goods available to consumers. It provided a wide range of merchandise and plenty of parking facilities.

1. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1. What does marketing mean?

2. What activities does marketing consist of?

3. What do marketing operations include?

Text 24.

Прочтите Tекст 24 и выполните задания после текста.

Не нашли, что искали? Воспользуйтесь поиском по сайту: