Упражнения к тексту WATER SUPPLY

I. Подберите соответствующий перевод из правого столбца к данным английским словам.

II. Вспомните, какие русские слова имеют те же корни, что и следующие английские слова.

cycle, atmosphere, vary, proportion, phenomenon, reservoir, depression, classify, gravel, sanitary, domestic, standard, modern, location, protection, mineral, resources, flora, community.

III. К каждой данной паре вспомните русское слово с тем же корнем, что и английское.

Образец: reservoir водоем (резервуар)

natural естественный

adequate достаточный

unlimited неограниченный

colony население

protection защита

progress развитие

Предтекстовые упражнения

Вспомните, какие русские слова имеют те же корни, что и следующие английские слова. Используйте их для понимания текста.

result, residence, institution, products, operation, production, domestic, combination, combined, process, method, sanitary, disinfection, bacteria, chemicals.

Прочитайте и переведите текст, обращая внимание на слова и выражения после текста

SEWERAGE

(1)The problem of protecting natural water resources has grown very urgent for many countries since the beginning of the second half of the 20^th century. The rivers, lakes and ground water contain today a considerable amount of the products of mechanical, chemical and biological pollution due to the development of human society, social and technical progress.

(2) The waste products that result from the daily activities in a community are of two general types: the liquid waste as sewage and the solid wastes, known as refuse. Sewage may be also divided according to its source into the following three classes. The sewage from residences, institutions and business buildings is called domestic sewage, sanitary sewage or house sewage; the resulting from industrial processes is known as industrial waste, and that of from run-off during storms is called storm sewage. A combination of domestic sewage, industrial waste and storm water is called combined sewage.

(3) Sewage and refuse must be removed promptly in order to avoid endangering the health of the community. The removal of all kinds of sewage is usually accomplished by means of sewers. The sewers are placed in the streets at several feet below the ground surface. The entire system of sewers including a sewage treatment plant is known as a sewerage system.

(4) The method of sewage treatment to be adopted in a particular case will depend entirely on local conditions. The usual methods of sewage treatment consist of preliminary treatment alone or primary treatment followed by secondary treatment. During primary treatment the larger and heavier solid particles settle out from the liquid. Secondary treatment is required to remove decomposable materials from the sewage. An auxiliary treatment, which may be used with primary or secondary treatment is disinfection or the killing of the most of the bacteria in the sewage by means of chemicals.

Упражнения к тексту SEWAGE

I. Подберите соответствующий перевод из правого столбца к данным английским словам.

II. К каждой данной паре слов вспомните русские слова с тем же корнем, что и английское.

Образец: activity – деятельность (активность)

1.community община

2. residence жилье

1. storm буря

2. sanitary гигиенический

3. adopt принимать, усваивать

4. local местный

5. conditions условия

6. composition состав

7. disinfection обеззараживание

СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТИ ТГВ, ВИВ, БТП,ПТ

ТЕКСТЫ ДЛЯ ЧТЕНИЯ.

II Курс III Семестр

HOT-WATER SUPPLY. (2.800)

The term “central heating” applied to the heating of domestic and other buildings indicates that the whole of a building is heated from a central source, usually an independent boiler, fired by solid fuel, gas, electricity or fuel oil.

In general, a heating system should be designed so that the water will circulate by gravity. In some installations, circumstances are such that a pump or accelerator must be used to achieve a satisfactory circulation. This should be avoided if possible.

When designing a heating system for a large building, it is usual – in the interests of economy and to ensure efficient heating – to first calculate how much heat will be needed to maintain the building at the desired temperature. Then the size of the boiler and the amount of pipe and radiator heating surface required to give out this heat will be estimated. For small systems, “rules-of-thumb” methods and past experience are generally a sufficient guide.

A steam, or a hot water heating plant consists essentially of the radiators, the boiler and the system of piping connecting the former with the latter. Steam or hot water from the boiler is circulated through the piping and radiators: in these the steam condenses giving up its latent heat and the water given up some of its heat, thus warming the rooms. In the usual hot water installation, the boiler, pipes and radiators are kept full of water at all times, an expansion tank being provided to compensate for the increase in volume of water when heated and to prevent explosions in case of generation of too much steam.

Boilers. The boiler is usually placed at the lowest available point in the building, having regard at the same time to the convenience of stoking and delivery of fuel.

The boiler may be one of a number of types. It may be solid one-piece casting, rectangular in form; it may be sectional; or it may be conical in shape and wrought or cast iron. For smaller systems, the first and last-named types are both cheap and suitable. The sectional boiler has the advantage of the possibility of added sections should more heat be needed subsequent to initial installation.

System of piping. For steam heating the systems of piping usually employed are the ordinary one-pipe system and two-pipe system. In the former, but one connection is made to each radiator, this connection serving both as inlet for the steam and an outlet for the water of condensation. In the latter, there is a supply pipe and a return pipe for each radiator. The two-pipe system is expensive, and hot used generally in steam heating except for indirect radiators which must always have two connections in order to function properly.

In hot-water heating, although one-pipe systems may be used, it is considered the best practice to have a supply pipe and a return pipe for each radiator. Rules and tables for computing the size of pipe for both system and hot water heating will be found in handbooks.

In selecting a heating plant for residences there must be considered the size, the type of building, the climate and the first cost of operation.

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