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Алфавит

Aa ei apple [æpl], ant [ænt] , to ask [a:sk], and [ænd]
Bb bi: bad [bæd], but [bDt], big [big], book [buk]
Cc si: cat [kæt], child [t∫aild]
Dd di: dog [dÉg], dear [di∂], to do [du:], to drink [drink]
Ee i: ear [i∂], to eat [i:t], end [end]
Ff ef face [feis], to fall [fÉ:l], funny [fDni]
Gg dзi: girl [g∂:l], gift [gift], to go [g∂u], good [gud]
Hh eit∫ he [hi], hard [ha:d], to have [hæv]
Ii ai I [ai], if [if, it [it]
Jj dзei job [dзÉb], joke [dзÉuk], to jump [dзDmp]
Kk kei to kill [kil], to kiss [kis], to know [nÉu]
Ll el long [loh], to like [laik], little [litl]
Mm em mad [mæd], man [mæn], magical [mædзik∂l]
Nn en name [neim], neat [ni:t], new [nju:], no [n∂u]
Oo ou ∂u old [∂uld], one [wDn], only [∂unli]
Pp pi: pet [pet], to put [put], parent [per∂nt]
Qq kju: queen [kwi:n], quick [kwik], question [kwest∫∂n]
Rr a: ar: to read [ri:d], rat [ræt]
Ss es to say [sei], she [∫i:], sun [sDn]
Tt ti: to take [teik], they [∂ei], tea [ti:]
Uu ju: to understand [Dnd∂stænd], ugly [Dgli]
Vv vi: very [veri], to visit [vizit], voice [vÉis]
Ww dDblju: we [wi], wrong [rÉh], woman [wum∂n]
Xx eks X-mas [eksmDs], X-ray [eksrei]
Yy wai yes [jes], you [ju:], young [jDh]
Zz zed zebra [zi:br∂], zero [zierÉu], zoo [zu:]

Произношение звуков

  Согласные звуки   Гласные звуки
b bad, big children, woman
d dog æ and, apple
f face i drink, quick
m mom, woman i: read, queen
n sun, new e very, men
t visit, take, table É dog, job
k cat, kind ∂: girl, work
g girl, ugly, dog u good, book
she, sure u: do, room
t∫ children, question É: fall, four
joke, magical D ugly, uncle
з usual a: hard, smart
h have, he Éi boy, voice
j young, usual ai right, like, my
with, they, though ei say, table
q thought, three u∂ poor, sure
p pet, up au how, cow
l long, fall ∂u no, know
s sun, kiss e∂ air, bear
z zoo, kisses i∂ ear,dear,beer
h long, wrong, young  
v of, voice  
r wrong, very  
w woman, question  

Множественное число существительных, исключения



+ s
Cat – cats Dog – dogs Apple – apples Rats, queens, zebras, zoos
Исключения: Man - Men Woman - Women Child - Children

Только в единственном числe

News Advice Information Hair Work Money Weather Knowledge

 

Структура предложения в английском языке

В английском предложении применяется строгий порядок слов

Подлежащее + сказуемое + все остальное

Подлежащее отвечает на вопрос Кто, что?, выражено существительным, местоимением, именем собственным.



Сказуемое отвечает на вопрос Что делает?, всегда выражено глаголом.

Iunderstand you – я понимаю тебя

Артикли

Неопределенные артикли a, an ставятся перед существительными в единственном числе, когда мы говорим о предмете в первый раз или о любом предмете из класса ему подобных.

А ставится перед существительными, начинающимися с согласной, an – с гласной.

A переродилось из слова one – один, любой.

A cat, a dog, a girl, a queen

An apple, an ant, an ear

I have a cat. He has a child.

Определенный артикль the ставится перед существительными в единственном, а иногда и во множественном числе, когда мы точно знаем, о каком предмете идет речь.

The переродилось из слова this– этот.

The child eats apples

Give me the apple

I have a cat. I love the cat.

Если перед существительным есть прилагательное, то артикль ставится перед прилагательным.

An old woman, a beautiful face, an ugly voice, a new book.

Артикли не ставятся перед абстрактными понятиями (информация, совет и т.д.) и перед неисчисляемыми существительными (вода, сахар, чай, пиво и т.д.)

Притяжательные местоимения

Кто?   Чей? Свой   Кому? Кого?  
I я my мой me мне, меня
he он his его him ему, его
she она her ее her ей, ее
it оно its его (неодуш.) it ему (неодуш.)
we мы our наш us нам, нас
you ты your твой you тебе, тебя
you вы yours ваш you вам, вам
they они their их them им, их

Указательные местоимения:

This – этот That – тот These – эти Those – те

Частица to

1) В английском языке два глагола, стоящие рядом, соединяются частицей to, второй из глаголов отвечает на вопрос Что делать?



I want to eat. I like to read. He wants to drink.

2) Частица to может также переводиться словом «чтобы»

I want to drink to live. I want to know English to read English books. I want to eat not to die

 

Глагол to be

Является глаголом-связкой, употребляется, когда в русском предложении в настоящем времени отсутствует глагол.

С различными местоимениями принимает следующие формы:

To be Present

I am I am tall (я – высокий, я «являюсь» высоким)

I am a student (я – студент)

He

She is He is tall (он – высокий). He is a student (он – студент)

It The apple is green (яблоко – зеленое)

We We are students (мы студенты)

You are You are smart (ты умный)

They They are young (они молодые)

 


I am a student – я студент

I am not a student

Am I a student?

Am I not a student?

Why am I a student?

Why am I not a student?

Am I a student or a teacher?

I am a teacher, am not I?

I am not a teacher, am I?

Yes, I am. No, I am not.

 

He (she) is a student – он студент

He (she) is not (isn’t) a student

Is he a student?

Is he not a student?

Why is he a student?

Why is not he a student?

Is he a student or a teacher?

He is a teacher, is not he?

He is not a teacher, is he?

Yes, he is. No, he is not.

 

You are a student

You are not (aren’t) a student

You (they, we) are students – вы студенты

You (they, we) are not (aren’t) students

Are you students?

Are not you students?

Why are you students?

Why are not you students?

Are you students or teachers?

You are students, are not you?

You are not students, are you?

Yes, we are. No, we are not.


To be Past

I was I was tall (я был высоким)

He

She He was tall (он был высоким)

It The apple was green (яблоко было зеленым)

We We were students (мы были студентами)

You were You were smart (ты был умным)

They They were young (они были молодыми)


I (he, she, it) was a student –

Я был студентом

I was not (wasn’t) a student

Was he a student?

Wasn’t he a student?

Why was he a student?

Why wasn’t he a student?

Was he a student or a teacher?

He was a student, wasn’t he?

He wasn’t a student, was he?

Yes, he was. No, he was not.

 

We (you, they) were students – мы были студентами

We were not (weren’t) students

Were you students?

Were not you students?

Why were you students?

Why weren’t you students?

Were you students or teachers?

You were students, weren’t you?

You weren’t students, were you?

Yes, you were. No, you were not.


 

I was small when I was a child

We were funny when we were young

The apple was green when it was 10 days old.

To be Future

I He She It We You They will be I will be tall (я буду высоким)

I (he, she, it, you) will be a student – я буду студентом

I (he, she, it, you) will not (won’t) be a student

We (you, they) will be students

We (you, they) will not (won’t) be students

He will be a student

He will not be a student

Will he be a student?

Won’t he be a student?

Why will he be a student?

Why won’t he be a student?

Will he be a student or a teacher?

He will be a student, won’t he?

He will not be a student, will he?

Yes, he will. No, he will not.

Предлоги места

Before – до, прежде чем

After - после

For – ибо, для, так как, в течение

due to – благодаря

with – с

without – без

within – в течение, в пределах (within a month)

Into – внутрь

Out of – наружу

Inside, in – внутри

By, near – рядом, вблизи

In front of – перед

Behind – за

Above – над

Under – под

Aside – в стороне

On – на поверхности

At - у (at the table, at school, at the lesson)

Around – вокруг

Among – среди (множества)

Between – между 1 и 2

From… to… - из … в …

Over – через (забор)

Through – сквозь (забор)

Along – вдоль

Across – поперек

Up – вверх

Down – вниз

To the right – направо

To the left – налево

A cat is inside the dog. The dog is in front of me. I like to jump over my dog. X-rays go through us. The cat doesn’t want to go out of the box, because wasps are behind the cat. Spiders are on the dog. Bugs are under the dog. An eagle is near the dog. A snake is aside the dog. All of them want to eat the cat. The dog goes along the snake and the snake doesn’t end because it is too long. So the wants to go across the snake, but it doesn’t want to kiss the snake. The snake lives among birds, but it doesn’t eat them because they are beautiful. A whale and a pig live in a zoo. A dragon lives between them. He likes to visit them. Usually he visits the whale first and then goes from the whale to the pig.

Числительные (Numerals)

One the first
Two the second
Three the third
Four the forth
Five the fifth
Six the sixth
Seven the seventh
Eight the eighth
Nine the ninth
Ten the tens, tens
Eleven the eleventh
Twelve the twelfth
Thirteen the thirteenth
Fourteen  
Fifteen  
Sixteen  
Seventeen  
Eighteen  
Nineteen  
Twenty the twentieth
Thirty the thirtieth
Forty  
Fifty  
Sixty  
Seventy  
Eighty  
Ninety  
One hundred Two hundred Three hundred  
One thousand Two thousand Three thousand   1,000 2,000 3,000
One million Two million   1,000,000 2,000,000
One thousand five hundred Fifteen hundred   1,500 1,500
Three hundred fifty six  
Two thousand seven hundred forty eight   2,748
Twelve thousand two hundred ninety one   12, 291
Four hundred seventy five thousand five hundred sixty three   475,563
Four million three hundred forty thousand seven hundred eighty nine   4,340,789
Three hundred forty seven million four hundred seventy one thousand five hundred thirty one   347,471,531
One and a half, one point five Two point forty five   1.5 2.45
One third, Two fifth   1/3, 2/5
Nineteen seventy eight 1978 год  
Seventeen zero three 1703 год  
Two thousand six, Twenty zero six 2006 год  

Сколько тебе лет?

How old are you?  
How old is he?  
How old am I?  
He is 25 years old  
I am 23 years old  
He is 25  
I am 20  
We are 26  
In 1987 I was 10 years old  
In 1990 we were 13 years old  
How old were you in 1986?  
How old was he in 1987?  
In 2010 we will be 35 years old  
How old will you be in 2015?  

Предлоги времени

in January February March April May June July August September October November December

in the north, south, west, east

(northern, southern, western, eastern)

on Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday

at o’clock, minutes, seconds a.m. p.m.

in winter, spring, summer, autumn (fall – AmE)

in age, century, decade, year, season, month, week

on week-end, day (on January, 5 or on the fifth of January)

in the morning, afternoon, evening, night

this

last

next

yesterday

tomorrow

the day after tomorrow

the day before yesterday

the other day

one of these days

long ago

In April – в апреле

In 1999 – в 1999 году

In two days – через два дня

At 5 o’clock – в 5 часов

On Mondays – по понедельникам

By 8 o’clock tomorrow – к 8 часам завтра

From… till (to)…

During – в течение

на следующей неделе (сегодня четверг):

this week (с пятницы по воскресенье – на этой неделе)

next week (след. понедельник-воскресенье)

the next week (с этого четверга по следующий четверг)

 

Время

What time is it now? – который сейчас час?

 

a.m. – до полудня

p.m. – после полудня

at 5 o’clock in the morning (in the afternoon, in the evening) – в пять часов утра, дня, вечера

at 5 p.m. = (17.00) – в пять часов вечера

at 5 a.m. – в пять часов утра

half past 8 = пол девятого

a quarter to ten – без четверти десять

a quarter past ten – четверть одиннадцатого

ten minutes to eight – без десяти восемь

ten minutes past eight – десять минут девятого

 

Present Simple Active Настоящее простое в активном залоге

Употребляется для обозначения обычного, повторяющегося действия, происходящего в определенное время в определенном месте.

Я хожу на работу каждый день

 








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