ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ЗНАЧЕНИЯ, ВЫРАЖАЕМЫЕ В УСЛОВНО-СЛЕДСТВЕННЫХ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯХ

Условно-следственные предложения, помимо значения условия, могут также выражать совет, просьбу, сожаление, критику. Так, предложения с условным придаточным предложением “If I were you” часто выражают совет.

I’d listen to him, if I were you. – На вашем месте, я бы послушал его.

Сложноподчиненные предложения с придаточным “If I had been you” и с формой сказуемого “would + perfect infinitive” в главном предложении обычно выражают сожаление или критику.

If I had been you, I would have at least considered the options. – На вашем месте, я бы, по крайней мере, обдумала все варианты.

Сложноподчиненное предложение с условным придаточным, сказуемое которого выражено формой “should + infinitive”, и с повелительным наклонением в главном, может выражать просьбу, предложение или совет.

If you should think of anything more, please let me know. – Если вы вдруг еще что-нибудь надумаете, пожалуйста, дайте мне знать.

Употребление модальных глаголов также может дополнять значение предложения. Полумодальный глагол “be to” (форма “were to”) добавляет значение “предложение (suggestion)”, которое, благодаря употреблению were to, звучит более вежливо.

I am sure if you were to ask her, she would be able to help. – Я уверена, если бы вы все-таки попросили ее, она бы смогла вам помочь.

Употребление модальных глаголов would и could в условном придаточном предложении, превращает сложноподчиненное предложение в просьбу.

If you would/could wait, I would go with you. – Если бы вы подождали / могли подождать, я бы пошла с вами.

Такое употребление характерно также для официальной речи.

I’ll be grateful if you would phone me. – Я буду вам благодарна, если вы позвоните мне.

Модальный глагол would в придаточном предложении может также употребляться в значении “желание / нежелание”

We’d be glad to take her along if she would go. – Мы были бы рады взять ее с нами, если бы она захотела пойти.

I would give ten years of my life if you would come back now. – Я бы отдал десять лет жизни, если бы ты только захотела вернуться.

Модальные глаголы “could” и “might” выражают значение гипотетической возможности (hypothetical possibility); глагол “could”может также выражать гипотетическую способность (hypothetical ability) совершить действие.

If looks could kill, you’d be in your grave. – Если бы взгляд мог убить, ты бы уже была в могиле.

I couldn’t forgive myself if because of us you came to harm. – Я бы никогда не простила (не смогла бы простить) себя, если бы ты пострадал из-за меня.

If you didn’t spend all your days at the country club,you might know something. – Если бы ты не проводил каждый день в загородном клубе, ты мог бы что-нибудь знать (ты бы, возможно, кое-что знал).

Употребление перфектного инфинитива после модальных глаголов “could” и “might” делает ситуацию следствия еще менее вероятной, т.к. речь идет о прошлых событиях.

I could’ve understood if she had fallen for a pretty face. – Я бы еще могла понять, если бы она увлеклась красивой внешностью.

I might have met you if you had let me know about your arrival. – Я мог бы встретить тебя, если бы ты сообщила мне о своем приезде.

EXERCISES

Ex. 1Choose the correct form to express somethingunreal:

1. If only I ______ the truth! Then I could take some steps.

a) know b) knew c) had known

2. If only somebody ______ me about it when I asked!

a) had told b) told c) has told

3. If only the weather ______ for the worse when we were climbing that mountain!

a) didn’t change b) wasn’t changed c) hadn’t changed

4. If only they ______ us now!

a) didn’t bother b) hadn’t bothered c) don’t bother

5. If only she ______ in such pain! She couldn’t even talk.

a) were not b) hadn’t been c) wasn’t

6. If only they ______ it before!

a) had explained b) explained c) would explain

7. If only this day ______ forever!

a) will last b) had lasted c) could last

8. If only he ______ to me! I really want to tell him the truth.

a) would listen b) had listened) c) listens

9. If only you _________ how much I miss you.

a) had understood b) could understand c) will understand

10. If only he ______ her when he was still so young!

a) didn’t meet b) wouldn’t meet) c) hadn’t met

11. If only he __________ you everything!

a) would tell b) will tell c) tells

12. If only Jane ____________ to our party!

a) will come b) should come c) would come

13. We ___________ them to help us yesterday. Unfortunately we didn’t see them.

a) will ask b) would have asked c) would ask

14. My sister ___________ a week ago, but there were no tickets.

a) arrived b) would arrive c) would have arrived

15. They _____________ the work last Monday, but it wasn’t necessary.

a) could have finished b) should have finished c) would finish

Ex. 2Choose the form to show the condition aspossible or unlikely:

1. If Mary ______ at home, she would answer the phone.

a) were b) was c) is

2. John would certainly visit you if you _________ him.

a) invite b) would invite c) invited

3. We will arrive at the decision sooner if you _______ arguing.

a) stop b) will stop c) stopped

4. If the ice ________ we won’t be able to cross the river.

a) melted b) melts c) would melt

5. I wouldn’t be surprised if they __________ married soon.

a) get b) would get c) got

6. She won’t accept your invitation if she ________ out that John will be there.

a) found b) finds c) had found

7. If the car ___________ down, we will get there in no time at all.

a) didn’t break b) hadn’t broken c) doesn’t break

8. If you _________ this article, we won’t have to go to the library.

a) find b) found c)will find

9. If I ________ when they will arrive, I would meet them at the station.

a) knew b) had known c) know

10. Who will show us the way if we ____________ a guide?

a) didn’t take b) won’t take c) don’t take

Ex. 3State the type of condition expressed in the following sentences. Use the following words: possible improbable impossible

1. If wishes were horses, beggars would ride. 2. If my aunt had been a man, she’d have been my uncle. 3. If you agree to carry a calf, they’ll make you carry a cow. 4. If you sell the cow, you sell her milk too. 5. If there were no clouds, we should not enjoy the sun. 6. If you cannot bite, never show your teeth. 7. If things were to be done twice all would be wise. 8. If you try to please all, you will please none.

Ex. 4Use the correct form of the verb in brackets to show the condition asunlikelyorimpossible:

1. If it ____________ (not be) so foggy, we could see the lake from here. 2. If you ________________ (save) his telephone number, we could call him now. 3. If he ___________ (not be) so tired, he would go on working. 4. We could stay at our friends’ if we _________________ (not find) a vacant room at the hotel. 5. If there _________ (be) enough food at home, we wouldn’t have to go shopping. 6. Will you tell me if he _______________ (call) you? 7. If he already ________________ (know) the answer, he wouldn’t ask you again and again. 8. If you _____________ (get) an extra ticket, let me know, please. 9. We wouldn’t be waiting for her if she _________ (let) us know that she would be late. 10. If he ________________ (mention) these facts to me, I wouldn’t be looking through these newspapers now.

Ex. 5Mark the correct sentence:

1. a) If she were good at languages, she would learn French besides English.

b) If she had been good at languages, she would learn French besides English.

2. a) You would have met him if you stayed at the party longer.

b) You would have met him if you had stayed at the party longer.

3. a) If you helped him, he would have coped with the task.

b) If you had helped him, he would have coped with the task.

4. a) John would marry Anne if he could support a family.

b) John would marry Anne if he could have supported a family.

5. a) If only they wouldn’t make us tell it again! I’m so tired of talking.

b) If only they don’t make us tell it again! I’m so tired of talking.

6. a) If only he had been younger! He would be able to change a lot in his life.

b) If only he were younger! He would be able to change a lot in his life.

7. a) If she hadn’t been in such a hurry to leave, she would have answered more questions.

b) If she weren’t in such a hurry to leave, she would have answered more questions.

Ex. 6Choose the correct form of the Subjunctive Mood; mind the time markers in the sentences.

1. I _______________ you yesterday, but I was really busy.

a) would have joined b) would join c) could join

2. Jane ________________ a teacher for 5 years, but she didn’t start working after college.

a) would be b) were c) would have been

3. I _______________ you the news right now, but I haven’t heard it.

a) would tell b) would have told c) might have told

4. Would you ________ out with us? – I’m afraid, not. I’m too busy.

a) have gone b) go c) went

5. I ______ excited, but your story didn’t sound true.

a) got b) would get c) would have got

6. Think before you tell her anything. It ________ easy to persuade her.

a) wouldn’t have been b) wouldn’t be c) weren’t

7. He _________ our friend – he is such a nice person.

a) could become b) would have become c) should become

8. Can you show me her picture? Otherwise I _________ her.

a) didn’t recognize b) wouldn’t have recognize c) wouldn’t recognize

9. You certainly ________ Tom, but he is out at the moment.

a) could have asked b) could ask c) would ask

10. I _______ you everything but only after you explain why you want to know it.

a) would have told b) tell c) would tell

Ex. 7Use the proper form of the Infinitive in brackets:

1. Why didn’t you ask me? I could (help) ______________________ you. 2. Why don’t you ask him? He could (answer) ____________________ you. 3. Will you call them? They might (wait) ________________ for you now. 4. She could (write) __________________ a good story, but she didn’t know all the facts. 5. You might (remember) _______________ him; he is the guy who always brings flowers. 6. He might (give) _____________ you his notes; just ask him. 7. He might (give) _____________ you his notes. Why didn’t you ask him? 8. It would (be) ____________ impolite to make him wait. Let’s see him immediately. 9. We could (talk) ______________ some more, but I’m in a hurry. 10. John would (do) ______________ it much better. Why didn’t you let him do it? 11. We left before Tom came. What could we (tell) _____________ him? 12. Jane would (come) __________ earlier but she didn’t manage.

Ex. 8Mark the correct sentence:

1. a) We didn’t know about him. We would have told you.

b) We didn’t know about him. We would tell you.

2. a) He might have helped you. Ask him.

b) He might help you. Ask him.

3. a) It would be unreasonable to call him now.

b) It would have been unreasonable to call him now.

4. a) She would have been glad to see John but she wasn’t at the party.

b) She would be glad to see John but she wasn’t at the party.

5. a) We could have solved this problem now but I must go.

b) We could solve this problem now but I must go.

6. a) Mother woke up the boy; otherwise he would have missed the classes.

b) Mother woke up the boy; otherwise he would missed the classes.

7. a) It rained yesterday, or Father would have worked in the garden.

b) It rained yesterday, or Father would work in the garden.

Ex. 9Choose the proper form of the verb in brackets(improbableandimpossible conditionals):

1. Nobody came in the morning. The dog _______ if a stranger had entered the yard.

a) would bark b) would have barked c) would be barking

2. They wouldn’t have got frightened if they ________ the way out of the labyrinth.

a) had found b) found c) have found

3. He wouldn’t have argued if he _____ your reasons.

a) knew b) would know c) had known

4. If I were you I ________ so sure that she will come.

a) wouldn’t be b) won’t be c) wouldn’t have been

5. If she were as stupid as you say she is, you _______ her to help you each time you are in trouble.

a) wouldn’t have asked b) would ask c) wouldn’t ask

6. The flight would have been on time if it ______ by the thunderstorm.

a) weren’t delayed b) hadn’t been delayed c) hadn’t delayed

7. I wouldn’t have asked you to go shopping if we ______ enough food for yesterday’s party.

a) had had b) had c) would have

8. If he _______ with us next summer, you could come and see him.

a) stays b) had stayed c) stayed

9. John is very responsible. He would have come on time unless something serious _______ him.

a) prevented b) had prevented c) should prevent

10. We ________ to take part in this event if anybody had told us about it.

a) will agree b) would agree c) would have agreed

Ex. 10Choose the proper form of the verb in brackets(mixed types of conditionals):

1. You wouldn’t be at a loss now if you ______ to the instructions.

a) listened b) have listened c) had listened

2. If she had learned your secret, believe me, she ______ silent now.

a) wouldn’t keep b) won’t keep c) didn’t keep

3. If she were a bit politer she ______ the way she did.

a) wouldn’t talk b) wouldn’t have talked c) wouldn’t be talking

4. Nobody would be looking for him if he ______ where he would go.

a) had said b) has said c) will say

5. We could also go to the theatre where everybody else is, if you _______ care of the tickets.

a) took b) should take c) had taken

6. If the bridge had been closed, we ______ able to get to the village now.

a) weren’t b) wouldn’t be c) wouldn’t have been

7. If he were such a good sportsman as you say he is, he ______ better at the last championship.

a) would had done b) could do c) would have done

8. If the rains had stopped a week before, we ______ far from here now.

a) would be b) would have been c) were

9. If he ________ his leg, he wouldn’t be able to walk now.

a) broke b) had broken c) breaks

10. He wouldn’t refuse to join you if he _________ about the trip in advance.

a) had known b) knew c) would know

Ex. 11Mark the correct sentence:

1. a) He wouldn’t invite you if he hadn’t wanted to see you.

b) He wouldn’t invite you if he didn’t want to see you.

2. a) I wouldn’t have said it unless I had been absolutely sure.

b) I wouldn’t say it unless I had been absolutely sure.

3) a) If you were friendlier, you wouldn’t be always alone.

b) If you had been friendlier, you wouldn’t be always alone.

4. a) Where would he have gone if they fired him?

b) Where would he go if they fired him?

5. a) I wouldn’t have stayed there if he had been so rude.

b) I wouldn’t have stayed there if he were so rude.

6. a) If the film hadn’t been so dull, the audience wouldn’t be so noisy.

b) If the film weren’t so dull, the audience wouldn’t be so noisy.

7. a) If we met when you were in Moscow, we could do sights together.

b) If we had met when you were in Moscow, we could have done sights together.

Ex. 12Choose the correct way of expressing condition:

1. We didn’t understand him. ______ we wouldn’t understand him. He is German.

a) Even if he said it again b) Unless he said it again

2. ______ we wouldn’t know what to do.

a) But for his advice b) Without his advice

3. You won’t be able to see anything there _____.

a) but for the flashlight b) unless you have a flashlight

4. ______ we could easily cross the road.

a) If it were not for the flood b) But for the flood

5. ______ the roads wouldn’t have been blocked.

a) But for the snowfall last week b) If it were not for the snowfall last week

6. We will be able to meet Jack, ________.

a) provided he really comes by this train.

b) in case he really comes by this train.

7. She doesn’t know that we are in town already ______.

a) if only somebody hasn’t told her about our arrival.

b) unless somebody has told her about our arrival.

8. I’ve copied out the address ______.

a) if we should forget it. b) in case we should forget it.

9. _____, would you accept his proposal?

a) Provided he asked you to marry him b) Suppose he asked you to marry him

10. We’d like to travel together ______.

a) on condition we share the expenses. b) if we would share the expenses.

Ex. 13Choose the proper conjunction, preposition or phrase:

1. _____ you don’t know the telephone number, you can use the directory.

a) if b) unless c) imagine

2. You can leave now ______ you show the papers tomorrow.

a) unless b) provided c) but for

3. _____ the darkness we could have seen the intruder’s face.

a) in case of b) but for c) unless

4. He wouldn’t be able to translate such texts ______ the dictionary.

a) but for b) if not c) without

5. Look through your paper attentively, _______ you will not notice the mistakes.

a) unless b) or c) in case

6. ______ the lack of time I would have read the paper more attentively.

a) if not for b) but for c) unless

7. We wouldn’t be waiting for her _______ she hadn’t promised to visit us.

a) if b) unless c) in case

8. We called her in advance ____ she should forget about our intention to visit her.

a) if b) provided c) in case

9. They wouldn’t have changed their mind _____ somebody had made them do it.

a) if b) unless c) or

10. I would certainly join you, ______ I am very short of time.

a) but b) if c) in case

Ex. 14Use the proper form of the verbs in brackets(IndicativeandSubjunctive Mood):

1. They are not here, or they _________ (answer) your question. 2. She would surely help you, but she ___________ (be) at the conference now. 3. If you could get this information soon enough, you ___________ (be) able to prepare a good report. 4. I had all the necessary information; otherwise I __________ (not answer) the questions they asked. 5. But for the snowstorm they _______________ (not miss) the turn. 6. He _______________ (win) first prize, but he didn’t take part in the contest. 7. We __________________ (continue) the discussion if you would stop shouting. 8. He doesn’t write to me. I _______________ (be) glad to hear from him. 9. If you could let us know about the time of the show, we _____________ (not have) to bother ourselves. 10. I _____________ (not know) German. Otherwise I would translate the article.

Ex. 15Use the proper form of the verbs in brackets(Indicativeand Subjunctive Mood):

Nothing (1) (happen) _______________ if we (2) (stay) ____________ home yesterday. We could (3) (watch) _____________ TV and had a quiet dinner. But Ann wanted to go to the cinema. She said she (4) (forgive) ________ never ________ us if she (5) (not see) ______________ the new film everybody spoke about. As there could be a problem with the tickets we (6) (have) ___________ to go at once. It had melted the day before, then it had frozen again and it was very slippery. If we (7) (walk) _____________ slowly, Ann (8) (not fall) __________________ down. Ann was very impatient; otherwise she (9) (watch) _______________________ her feet. She fell down and we had to help her to get up. There was something wrong with her leg. But for our help she (10) (not be) _______________ able to walk. If she (11) (not look) _________________ so miserable, we (12) (not call) _________________ the ambulance. The ambulance car took her to the hospital in case she should (13) (need) ___________ professional help. We spent there several hours before they let us go home. Her leg was in plaster and they said they (14) (keep) _________________ her if there (15) (be) _______________ nobody to look after her. When we returned home the lift was out of order. It (16) (not bother) _____________________ us if we (17) (live) ________________ on the ground floor. But our flat is on the second floor, so we had to carry Ann.

Nick is a good friend. A couple of days later he (18) (bring) _______________ a CD with the film she had been so eager to see. After she watched the film she said “If I (19) (know) _______________ that it was so boring, I (20) (not insist) ________________ on going to the cinema that day.”

Ex. 16Use the proper form of the verbs in brackets(IndicativeandSubjunctive Mood):

The Celts who lived in Gaul found support in Britain; otherwise Caesar (1) (not attack) ____________________ the island in 55 B.C. He (2) (achieve) ____________________ his aim, but he (3) (be) ________ unlucky. If he (4) (know) _______________ how strong the opposition would be, he (5) (not go) _________________ there with only two legions. If he (6) (succeed) __________________, Britain (7) (become) _________________ a Roman colony much earlier than it did. When Britain was conquered at last, towns began to grow there. But for the Romans, Celts (8) (not be) __________________ able to build so many of them. There were still tribes that hadn’t surrendered; otherwise the Romans (9) (not have) __________________ to build the Roman Wall. If Emperor Constantine (10) (not withdraw) __________________ the troops from Britain in the year of 407, the unconquered Celts (11) (not attack and ruin) _________________________ the towns of South and East Britain. Soon after the Romans left Britain the Germanic invasion began. If the Celts (12) (be) ____________ able to oppose the Germanic tribes, the Germanic invasion (13) (not be) ________________ so successful.

Ex. 17 Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Она бы помогла, но он не просил. 2. Мы бы дали всю информацию еще неделю назад, если бы вы были в городе. 3. Если бы пьеса ей понравилась, она осталась бы до конца. 4. Возьмите это лекарство, на случай, если у вас повысится температура. 5. Возможно, он уже ушел, иначе он бы открыл нам (сейчас). 6. Если бы вы были так добры и позвонили нам, мы бы организовали вашу встречу с журналистами. 7. Мы поедем с вами только при условии, что мы остановимся в гостинице. 8. Если бы не снегопад, поезд бы уже прибыл. 9. Если бы не наводнение, через реку можно было бы сейчас переправиться. 10. Она не послушалась вашего совета, а то бы она уже чувствовала себя лучше. 11. Если бы ты, в самом деле, прочитал эту статью, ты бы знал, о чем мы сейчас говорим. 12. Вы бы смотрели сейчас телевизор, если бы попросили Джона отремонтировать его. 13. Вам было бы сейчас легче общаться с ними, если бы вы знали английский язык. 14. У нас была карта, иначе мы бы не нашли это место. 15. Мы бы уже рассказали вам обо всем, если бы мы знали, что вас это интересует.

TEST

Ответ оценивается в один или два балла. Оценка задания в баллах указана в скобках. Результат теста оценивается по следующей шкале:

90% - 100% выполнения (90 – 100 баллов) – «отлично»

70% - 89% выполнения (70 – 89 баллов) – «хорошо»

50% - 69% выполнения (50 – 69 баллов) – «удовлетворительно»

Ниже 50% выполнения (менее 50 баллов) – «плохо»

Task 1 (10 points)

Use the proper form of the Indicative Mood of the verb in brackets:

1. If you _________ (send) the letter when you say you did, they would already have it.

2. If you __________ (not tell) her yet that you went to the cinema yesterday without her, do it now.

3. If only he ________________ (tell) the truth when they asked him!

4. This cottage would look much better if you ________ (paint) it white.

5. If you ______________ (bring) her some flowers, she would have forgiven you.

6. If she ____________ (taken) the pills the doctor had prescribed to her, she would feel much better.

7. He would be glad to go hiking with us, but he ___________ (injure) his leg last week.

8. I’m sure he already _____________ (know) the answers when he was writing the test; otherwise he wouldn’t have finished so quickly.

9. If you _____________ (read) the article yesterday, I’m sure you could answer my questions.

10. If you _____________ (manage) to come home before you parents return, you wouldn’t have to explain where you have been.

Task 2(10 points)

Не нашли, что искали? Воспользуйтесь поиском по сайту: