Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.

			The Renaissance is the revival of European civilization at the beginning of the 15^th century.
			The Middle Ages is the period of the decline of the feudal system and the growth of commerce in Europe.
			The scholars and thinkers of the 15^th century stated that they lived at the time of cultural decline and stagnation.
			The long period of cultural darkness in European civilization is associated with the Renaissance.

ЗАДАНИЕ N 26 Завершите утверждение согласно содержанию текста.
The period of the Renaissance is remarkable for the great achievements in geography, such as the …

			discovery and exploration of new continents
			rediscovery of the classical world of Greece and Rome
			invention of paper and gunpowder
			revival of classical learning and wisdom

ЗАДАНИЕ N 27 Ответьте на вопрос:
What period in history is called the Middle Ages?

			The period of time between the downfall of the classical world of Greece and Rome and its rediscovery at the beginning of the 15th century is called the Middle Ages.
			The period of time characterized by the rise of interest in classical learning and values, the development of national languages is called the Middle Ages.
			The period of time when the Copernican system of astronomy was substituted for the Ptolemaic system, and many important discoveries were made is called the Middle Ages.
			The period of time when the Roman Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Empire lost their influence over the organization of spiritual and material life is called the Middle Ages.

ЗАДАНИЕ N 28
Определите основную идею текста.

The Renaissance is the period of the culmination of great social, political and intellectual changes in European civilization.

Powerful innovations, such as paper, printing, the mariner’s compass, and gunpowder were invented or applied in the Renaissance.

The Renaissance is characterized by a rise of interest in classical learning and values in European civilization.

The Renaissance witnessed the increasing role of city-states and national monarchies and the breakup of the old feudal structures.

Решение:
Чтобы правильно выполнить задание, следует знать алгоритм обработки текстовой информации и, прочитав текст, выделить главные компоненты содержания текста, то есть определить основную идею текстовой информации.
В тексте говорится о том, что в эпоху Возрождения в Европе произошли важнейшие перемены, которые затронули все стороны жизни («Events at the end of the Middle Ages… caused a series of social, political, and intellectual transformations that culminated in the Renaissance» – фрагмент 2).
Таким образом, правильный вариант ответа – «The Renaissance is the period of the culmination of great social, political and intellectual changes in European civilization»(«Ренессанс – это период кульминации великих социальных, политических и интеллектуальных изменений в европейской цивилизации»).

Family
1. The family, a basic social group united through bonds of kinship or marriage, has been present in all societies. Ideally, the family provides its members with protection, companionship, security, and socialization. The structure of the family and the needs that the family fulfils vary from society to society. The nuclear family – two adults and their children – is the main unit in some societies. In others, it is a subordinate part of an extended family, which also consists of grandparents and other relatives. A third family unit is the single-parent family, in which children live with an unmarried, divorced, or widowed mother or farther.
2. Historical studies have shown that family structure has been less changed by urbanization and industrialization than was once supposed. The nuclear family was the most prevalent pre-industrial unit and is still the basic unit of social organization. The modern family differs from earlier traditional forms, however, in its functions, composition, and life cycle and in the roles of husbands and wives.
3. The only function of the family that continues to survive all change is the provision of affection and emotional support by and to all its members, particularly infants and young children. Specialized institutions now perform many of the other functions that were once performed by the agrarian family: economic production, education, religion, and recreation. Jobs are usually separate from the family group; family members often work in different occupations and in locations away from the home. Education is provided by the state or by private groups. The family is still responsible for the socialization of children.

Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.

As to the structure of the family, there are three different family units in the society.

The modern family has the same functions as earlier traditional forms.

The nuclear family consists of two adults, their children, and other relatives.

One of the main functions of the modern family is to provide children with education.

Решение:
Чтобы правильно выполнить задание, следует знать алгоритм обработки текстовой информации и, прочитав текст, определить наличие в тексте информации, соответствующей его содержанию. Утверждение «As to the structure of the family, there are three different family units in the society» («Что касается структуры семьи, в обществе существуют три различных типа семьи») соответствует содержанию текста: «The nuclear family… is the main unit in some societies. In others, it is a subordinate part of an extended family… A third family unit is the single-parent family…» («Полная семья… – это основной тип в некоторых обществах. В других – это составная часть большой семьи… Третий тип семьи – семья с одним родителем…») (фрагмент 1).

ЗАДАНИЕ N 26
Завершите утверждение согласно содержанию текста.
The main unit of social organization is associated with the …

nuclear family

single-parent family

family consisting of many relatives

agrarian family

ЗАДАНИЕ N 27
Ответьте на вопрос:
What function of the family is the most important?

The most important function of the family is to provide its members with affection and emotional support.

The most important function of the family is to provide its members with education, work, recreation and socialization.

The most important function of the family is to perform economic production, education, religion, and recreation.

The most important function of the family, as historical studies have shown, is to be the basic unit of social organization.

ЗАДАНИЕ N 28
Определите основную идею текста.

All societies have regarded the family as a basic unit of social organization to provide its members with protection, companionship, security, and socialization.

In all societies the family as a basic social group must pay particular attention to the emotional support of infants and young children and their socialization.

The functions of the family, its composition, structure, life cycle and the roles of husbands and wives have been thoroughly studied in all societies.

Earlier traditional families usually performed many of the functions which are now performed by specialized institutions, such as education, religion, recreation, etc.

Решение:
Чтобы правильно выполнить задание, следует знать алгоритм обработки текстовой информации и, прочитав текст, выделить главные компоненты содержания текста, то есть определить основную идею текстовой информации.
В тексте говорится о том, что семья всегда рассматривалась как основная единица социальной организации общества («The family, a basic social group… has been present in all societies» – фрагмент 1), главная задача которой – обеспечивать своим членам защиту, дружеское отношение, безопасность и социализацию («Ideally, the family provides its members with protection, companionship, security, and socialization» – фрагмент 1).
Таким образом, правильный вариант ответа – «All societies have regarded the family as a basic unit of social organization to provide its members with protection, companionship, security, and socialization»(«Во всех обществах семья рассматривалась как основная единица социальной организации, которая должна обеспечивать своим членам защиту, дружеское отношение, безопасность и социализацию»).

ЗАДАНИЕ N 25

Landmark Inventions of the Millennium
1. The last 1,000 years have produced an incredible number and variety of scientific and technological breakthroughs – but which of these were the most important? Narrowing a list of the thousands of inventions made since the year 1000 to the ten greatest requires some exact criteria. The qualifying inventions either provided radically new ways to do an important job, or they made possible tasks that were previously unimagined. Their impact was felt, if not right away then eventually, by a large portion of humanity. These developments have made possible significant new technological innovations and scientific discoveries. And finally, they have had an enduring effect on the world.
2. The inventions that meet these criteria, in chronological order, are the compass, the mechanical clock, the glass lens, the printing press, the steam engine, the telegraph, electric power, wireless communications, antibiotics, and the transistor. Missing from this list are many extremely significant technological advances, including the airplane, telephone, automobile, and computer. In many cases these inventions were omitted because they are based on earlier developments or breakthroughs.
3. In considering the ten most significant inventions of the past 1,000 years, a subtle distinction must be made: the difference between «invention» and «discovery» is not as clear as one might think. A discovery can be as simple as the observation of a previously unnoticed phenomenon, while an invention is a human-devised machine, tool, or apparatus that did not previously exist.

Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.

There are ten inventions which are considered to be the most significant ones of the Millennium.

The airplane and computer are included into the list of the most important inventions of the Millennium.

A human-devised machine, tool or apparatus that did not previously exist can be qualified as a discovery.

A lot of scientific and technological breakthroughs met the required criteria of the landmark inventions.

Решение:
Чтобы правильно выполнить задание, следует знать алгоритм обработки текстовой информации и, прочитав текст, определить наличие в тексте информации, соответствующей его содержанию.
Утверждение «There are ten inventions which are considered to be the most significant ones of the Millennium» («Существует десять изобретений, которые считаются самыми значительными изобретениями тысячелетия») соответствует содержанию текста: «Narrowing a list of the thousands of inventions made since the year 1000 to the ten greatest requires some exact criteria» («Чтобы ограничить список тысяч изобретений, сделанных с 1000 года, десятью величайшими, необходимо руководствоваться точными критериями») (фрагмент 1); «The inventions that meet these criteria… are the compass, the mechanical clock, the glass lens, the printing press, the steam engine, the telegraph, electric power, wireless communications, antibiotics, and the transistor» («Изобретения, которые соответствуют этим критериям… – это компас, механические часы, стеклянная линза, печатный станок, паровой двигатель, телеграф, электроэнергия, средства беспроводной связи, антибиотики и транзистор») (фрагмент 2).

ЗАДАНИЕ N 26
Завершите утверждение согласно содержанию текста.
One of the qualifying criteria of a landmark invention is that it …

makes possible significant innovations and discoveries

is based on earlier developments or breakthroughs

is a simple observation of a previously unnoticed phenomenon

is an invention of the past 1,000 years

Решение:
Чтобы правильно выполнить задание, следует знать алгоритм обработки текстовой информации и, прочитав текст, завершить утверждение согласно содержанию текста.
Утверждение «One of the qualifying criteria of a landmark invention is that it…» («Один из критериев, в соответствии с которым изобретение можно квалифицировать как эпохальное, – это то, что оно…») следует закончить вариантом ответа «makes possible significant innovations and discoveries» («оно делает возможными важные новшества и открытия»), так как именно это утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.
Согласно тексту: «The qualifying inventions… have made possible significant new technological innovations and scientific discoveries» («Эпохальные изобретения… сделали возможными важные технологические новшества и научные открытия») (фрагмент 1).

ЗАДАНИЕ N 27 Ответьте на вопрос:
Which of the inventions: the airplane, the steam engine, automobile, computer – was included into the list of the most important inventions of the Millennium?

The steam engine was.

The airplane was.

Automobile was.

Computer was.

Решение:
Чтобы правильно выполнить задание, следует знать алгоритм обработки текстовой информации при изучающем чтении, уметь анализировать получаемую информацию и, читая текст, находить ответ на поставленный вопрос.
Правильный ответ на вопрос «Какое из изобретений: самолет, паровой двигатель, автомобиль, компьютер – было включено в список самых важных изобретений тысячелетия?» – «The steam engine was» («Паровой двигатель»), поскольку, согласно тексту: «The inventions that meet these criteria… are… the steam engine…» («Изобретения, которые соответствуют этим критериям… – это… паровой двигатель…»), «Missing from this list are…the airplane… automobile, and computer» («Отсутствуют в этом списке… самолет… автомобиль и компьютер») (фрагмент 2).

ЗАДАНИЕ N 28
Определите основную идею текста.

Landmark inventions are those which make possible tasks that were previously unimagined, and which have a lasting effect on the world.

Considering the difference between «invention» and «discovery» is very important in the designation of the most significant inventions.

A great number and variety of significant scientific and technological breakthroughs were made in the world during the last 1,000 years.

The ten greatest inventions made since the year 1000 are undoubtedly the inventions that had a great effect on humanity.

ЗАДАНИЕ N 25 Anthropology
1. Anthropology is the holistic «science of man». The discipline deals with the integration of different aspects of the social sciences, humanities, and human biology. Anthropology includes archaeology, prehistory, physical or biological anthropology, anthropological linguistics, social and cultural anthropology, ethnology and ethnography. The word anthropos is from the Greek for «human being» or «person». Eric Wolf described sociocultural anthropology as «the most scientific of the humanities, and the most humanistic of the sciences».
2. The goal of anthropology is to provide a holistic account of humans and human nature. Since anthropology arose as a science in Western societies that were complex and industrial, a major trend within anthropology has been a methodological drive to study peoples in societies with more simple social organization, sometimes called «primitive» in anthropological literature, but without any connotation of «inferior». Today, most anthropologists use terms such as «less complex» societies or refer to specific modes of subsistence or production, such as «hunter-gatherer» or «forager» or «simple farmer» to refer to humans living in non-industrial, non-Western cultures, such people or folk (ethnos) remaining of great interest within anthropology.
3. The quest for holism leads most anthropologists to study a particular folk or people in detail, using biogenetic, archaeological, and linguistic data alongside direct observation of contemporary customs. In the 1990s and 2000s, calls for clarification of what constitutes a culture, of how an observer knows where his or her own culture ends and another begins, and other crucial topics in writing anthropology were heard. It is possible to view all human cultures as part of one large, evolving global culture.

Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.

Anthropology is known to include a number of subdisciplines studying different aspects of human life and nature.

Anthropology studies a particular folk taking as a basis mainly direct observation of contemporary customs.

Describing societies with more simple social organization anthropologists used the term «primitive» in the meaning of «inferior».

In the 1990s and 2000s the crucial topic in anthropology was the use of the terms «hunter-gatherer», «forager», «simple farmer».

ЗАДАНИЕ N 26 Завершите утверждение согласно содержанию текста.
The word «anthropology» comes from the Greek «anthropos» that means …

«human being»

«science of man»

«primitive man»

«humanistic science»

Решение:
Чтобы правильно выполнить задание, следует знать алгоритм обработки текстовой информации и, прочитав текст, завершить утверждение согласно содержанию текста.
Утверждение«The word “anthropology” comes from the Greek “anthropos” that means…» («Слово “антропология” происходит от греческого “антропос”, что означает…») следует закончить вариантом ответа «human being» («человек»), так как именно это утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.
Согласно тексту: «The word anthropos is from the Greek for “human being” or “person”» («Слово “антропос” – греческое, означает “человек” или “личность”») (фрагмент 1).

ЗАДАНИЕ N 27 Ответьте на вопрос:
Where did anthropology appear as a science?

It appeared in complex industrial societies.

It appeared in societies with simple social organization.

It appeared in «primitive» («inferior») societies.

It appeared in non-industrial, non-Western cultures.

Решение:
Чтобы правильно выполнить задание, следует знать алгоритм обработки текстовой информации при изучающем чтении, уметь анализировать получаемую информацию и, читая текст, находить ответ на поставленный вопрос.
Правильный ответ на вопрос «Где антропология возникла как наука?» – «It appeared in complex industrial societies» («Она возникла в развитых индустриальных обществах»), поскольку, согласно тексту: «…anthropology arose as a science in Western societies that were complex and industrial…» («…антропология возникла как наука в западных обществах, которые были развитыми и индустриальными…») (фрагмент 2).

ЗАДАНИЕ N
Определите основную идею текста.

Anthropology is the science studying humans and human nature.

All human cultures form one large, evolving global culture.

Anthropology can be referred to both humanities and sciences.

Anthropology takes great interest in people living in different societies.

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