MEDICAL EDUCATION IN RUSSIA

All establishments of higher medical education are financed and guided by the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation.

Doctors of different specialties are trained at medical institutions of higher education, at medical universities and academies. There are also pharmaceutical academies, which train specialists in pharmacy.

Medical institutions of higher education offer various faculties and specialties which an entrant may choose according to his or her abilities and wishes. Nowadays a new examination system is being introduced. The so-called «The General State Exam» allows pupils to enter any institution of higher education according to its results.

Medical colleges train paramedical personnel: nurses, midwives, dental technicians and doctor’s assistants. The course of studies is 3-4 years.

The training at medical institutions of higher education takes 5 or 6 years. It consists of lectures, practical classes and medical practice. The attendance of lectures, practical classes and seminars is compulsory. Academic year begins on September the 1^st and is divided into two semesters of four months each. At the end of each semester the students have to pass examinations and tests. If a student passes the exams well he gets a grant paid monthly.

The curriculum includes theoretical and clinical subjects. For the first two years students study pre-clinical subjects such as: Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Social Sciences, Latin and so on. They also study Human Anatomy, Physiology, Histology, and Microbiology. Clinical subjects are taught from the third to the fifth or sixth year.

The students have practical course at therapeutic, surgical and other departments in hospitals and clinics. They master practical skills in clinical conditions. They are taught how to take and record the patient’s case history, to carry on medical examination of the patient, to make diagnosis, to prescribe treatment and carry on different medical procedures.

There are all facilities for talented students to carry on research work. They attend scientific societies at different departments where they are offered modern guidelines for research activity.

Having passed state examinations graduates receive their diplomas and can apply for clinical internship.

The post graduate course and the Institute of Post-Diploma and Additional Education are for doctors, who want to improve their qualification. During three years the post-graduate students prepare a thesis, defend it and obtain the degree of Candidate of Medical Sciences.

Exercises

Задание 1. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

Who finances and guides the higher medical education in Russia?

2. Where are the doctors trained?

3. Where are the specialists in pharmacy trained?

4. Who may enter a medical institution of higher education?

6. Whom do the medical colleges train?

7. What is the course of training at the medical institution of higher education?

8. How many semesters has the academic year?

9. What subjects does the curriculum include?

10. Where do the students have medical practice?

11. What are the students taught during medical practice?

12. Where do the students carry on research work?

13. When do the graduates receive their diplomas?

14. Where can the doctors improve their qualification?

15. For what degree does the post-graduate student defend a thesis?

Задание 2.Закончите предложения логически, найдя окончание в правом столбце. Переведите их на русский язык.

Задание 3. Задайте специальные вопросы, ответами на которые будут следующие предложения:

Model: – The course of training at medical institutions of higher education is six years.

– What is the course of training at medical institutions of higher education?

1. Medical schools train paramedical personnel. 2. The attendance of lectures is compulsory for all students. 3. Clinical subjects are taught from the third year. 4. The students have medical practice in clinics and hospitals. 5. Doctors can improve their qualification at the Institute of Post-Diploma and Additional Education.

Задание 4. Продолжите следующие утверждения. Выразите свое согласие или несогласие. Начните свое высказывание фразами: I agree with you that… I think you are not right saying that…

1. All entrants take entrance examinations.

2. Medical schools train doctors.

3. For the first two years students study pre-clinical subjects.

4. The students have medical practice from the second year.

5. After the State Examinations the graduates can apply for clinical internship.

6. Post-graduate student obtains the Degree of Doctor of Medicine.

Задание 5. Вы учитесь на 6 курсе лечебного факультета. Расскажите о своих занятиях, используя следующие словосочетания:

The final year of medical training, medical practice at the hospital, clinical internship, surgical department, to assist at operations, clinical conferences, to treat patients, to attend lectures, to take final examinations.

Текст на аудирование

Задание 1. Запомните значение следующих слов и словосочетаний:

1. in oral form в устной форме

2. tuition обучение

3. charge плата, расходы

4. assistance помощь

5. grant стипендия

6. dissection препарирование

7. history taking сбор анамнеза

8. teaching hospital клиническая база

9. ward больничная палата

10. degree of Bachelor степень бакалавра

of Medicine (B.M.) медицины (присваиваемая

врачам-терапевтам)

11. degree of Doctor of степень доктора медицины

Medical Education in Great Britain

In Great Britain physicians are trained in medical schools or faculties of universities.

To enter a medical school in Great Britain the candidates must pass entrance examinations in oral form. Tuition is charged. Most students receive financial assistance in the form of grants.

The academic year is divided into 3 terms each of 10-11-week duration.

Two pre-clinical years are occupied by Human Anatomy, Biology, Physiology, Biochemistry and other subjects.

Students attend lectures, do dissections and practical work in labs.

Beginning from the third year, students study the methods of clinical examinations and history taking; they have practical training in teaching hospitals. Besides the work in the wards the students attend lectures and study clinical subjects.

After passing the finals the students are given the degree of Bachelor of Medicine (B.M.) or Bachelor of Surgery (B.S.). Besides these degrees there is the degree of Doctor of Medicine (D.M.). This degree is a post graduate qualification obtained by a thesis.

Exercises

Задание 1. Расскажите на русском языке, что вы поняли, прослушав текст.

Задание 2. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. Where are doctors trained in G.B.?

2. What examinations is it necessary to pass?

3. Is education in G.B. charged?

4. How many terms has the academic year?

5. What subjects do the students study?

6. What degrees are given to students in G.B. after passing the finals?

Задание 3. Расскажите на английском языке, чем отличается подготовка врачей в нашей стране и в Великобритании.

Dialogue

Задание 1. Вы беседуете со студентом из Индии. Ответьте на его вопросы в форме диалога на английском языке.

1. Question: Look, I told my parents that I’d like to become a doctor. They advised me to go to Russia. Medical education in Great Britain costs a lot of money. And what about your country?

1. Answer: … .

2. Question: What subjects shall we study in the first two years?

2. Answer: … .

3. Question: What about the clinical subjects?

3. Answer: … .

4. Question: Shall we take examinations every year?

4. Answer: … .

5. Question: Where do the students have medical practice?

5. Answer: … .

6. Question: When shall we begin our specialization?

6. Answer: … .

7. Question: When do the graduates receive their diploma?

7. Answer: … .

8. Question: Where do foreign students live?

8. Answer: … .

ЗАДАНИЯ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ

1. Выполните лабораторную работу по теме в лингафонном кабинете.

2. Выучите новые слова и выражения по теме.

3. Переведите тексты темы на русский язык.

4. Составьте план пересказа темы на русском языке (используйте графологическую структуру к теме).

5. Подготовьте пересказ и диалог по теме на английском языке.

6. Подготовьтесь к участию в беседе по ситуационным задачам к теме.

Тема 4. Путешествие

TRAVELLING

Задание 1.Запомните произношение следующих слов:

1. ancient

2. art

3. nothing

4. bath

5. hour

6. through

7. luggage

8. quickly

9. advantage

10. berth

11. picturesque

12. that is why

Задание 2.Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания. Повторяйте их за диктором:

1. ancient towns древние города

2. means of transport транспортные средства

3. as quickly as possible как можно быстрее

4. to book in advanсе заказать заранее

5. single ticket билет в один конец

6. return ticket билет «туда и обратно»

7. to go through the Customs пройти таможню

8. to fasten seat belts пристегнуть ремни

9. advantage преимущество

10. It's not boring не скучно

11. upper berth верхнее спальное место

12. gate выход на посадку

13. checking-in регистрация

14. you are required вам надлежит

15. to announce объявлять

16. delay on the flight задержка на рейс

17. to see off провожать

18. long distance train поезд дальнего

следования

19. compartment купе

20. carriage вагон

21. to get out выходить

22. to carry luggage нести багаж

23. to change the train сделать пересадку

Задание 3. Прослушайте текст. Постарайтесь понять его содержание:

TRAVELLING

Millions of people all over the world spend their holidays travelling. They travel to see other countries, modern cities or the ruins of ancient towns.

Some people like to go to a big city and spend their time visiting museums and art galleries, other people prefer a quiet holiday by the sea or in the mountains.

There are various means of transport. If you want to get somewhere as quickly as possible, the best way is to travel by plane. It gives you comfort and saves your time. It's better to book tickets in advance. You may book a single, return or open return ticket. When booking a ticket you should mention what class you are going to travel: first, business or economy class. Keep in mind, you have to come to the airport one and a half hour before the flight. Before boarding the plane you should check-in (register) your luggage at a check-in desk. Here you are required to have your luggage weighed and a clerk attaches a special tag to it. There is no need to worry about your luggage any longer.

Then you must go through the security check, passport and Customs control (when you go abroad). Now you may go to the gate, where your flight is boarding.

It often happens that a delay on a flight is announced. In this case you have to wait till you hear the announcement that your flight is boarding.

When the plane is taking off, the passengers fasten their seat belts and listen to the information about the flight. An air-hostess (stewardess) offers you mineral water, juice, or something to eat. You may look down on the earth. It’s like a geographical map. The time passes quickly. The plane usually arrives at the airport on time.

Travelling by railway is slower than by plane but it has its advantages. You can see the countryside around you, read books or magazines, play chess or cards. It's not boring if you have good companions in the compartment. I'm fond of travelling by fast long-distance train. It has got a lot of carriages, a dining-car, and a luggage van. I prefer an upper berth. When the train goes out, I say «Good bye» to my friends and relatives who usually come to see me off. When the train comes in, I get out and ask the porter to carry my luggage. I’m not tired after a long journey by train.

Travelling by car and hitch-hiking are the cheapest and most popular ways of travelling.

As for me I like to spend my days off in the country, closer to nature. I can drive a car and enjoy picturesque places with forests, lakes and rivers. I am fond of fishing and hunting that’s why I walk a lot. In summer we often go camping. I think it is a very useful thing for my health.

Exercises

Задание 1. Ответьте на вопросы по содержанию текста.

1. Do many people spend their holidays travelling?

2. What means of transport do you know?

3. Do you often go camping?

4. To what places do you usually go?

5. Have you ever travelled by air?

6. What are the advantages of travelling by plane?

7. When did you travel by train?

8. Do you prefer a lower or an upper berth in the compartment?

9. Was your last journey pleasant?

Задание 2. Составьте вопросы, используя вопросительные слова, данные в скобках:

1. My friend is fond of hiking. (who)

2. He often goes camping in spring and summer. (when)

3. Last year during my winter vacation I travelled by train. (when, how)

4. I look forward to seeing many interesting places. (who, what)

5. We had an opportunity to visit many interesting places last year. (who, what)

6. We spent five days in Riga. (how many)

Задание 3. Заполните пропуски необходимыми по смыслу словами и словосочетаниями:

1. You may take a single, return or … ticket.

2. You may travel by … or economy class.

3. Before boarding the plane you are required … your luggage at a … desk.

4. There is no need … about your luggage.

5. … is the cheapest way of travelling.

6. Some people prefer to take … berth.

7. I am fond of … and … .

8. I can drive … .

9. I think … is a very useful thing for people’s health.

10. The plane usually arrives at the airport … .

Текст на аудирование

Задание 1. Повторяйте за диктором слова и словосочетания. Запомните их значение:

1. cockney горожанин (простолюдин)

2. darkness темнота

3. slap шлепок, пощечина

4. to emerge появиться

5. a bleeding nose кровотечение из носа

6. a swollen eye припухший глаз

7. to hit ударить

8. to play a trick сыграть с кем-либо шутку

9. the back of the hand тыльная сторона ладони

Задание 2. Прослушайте текст. Постарайтесь понять его содержание.

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