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Speak on career in physics.





Find Participle II in the following sentences and translate them correctly.

1. Physics is the science devoted to the study of matter and energy.

2. Knowledge obtained from the study of physics is important in other sciences, in­cluding astronomy, biology, chemistry, and geology.

3. Such predictions come from laws and theories developed by another group of physicists, called theoretical physicists.

4. One branch of mechanics, known as fluid mechanics, deals with the behaviour of liquids and gases.

5. Physics is the science devoted to the study of matter and energy.

6. So physicists, called experimental physicists, perform the fully designed experiments and then compare the results with what was predicted to happen.

7. The subjects studied by physicists consist of two broad categories, classical physics and modern physics.

Make the nouns plural

um ---a
on ---a
is ---es
a ---ae
us ---i

 

Datum, phenomenon, erratum, memorandum, basis, addendum, crisis, formula, bacillus, medium, quantum, analysis, thesis, nucleus, index.

 

2.21 The facts:

v The word “algorithm” originated in the Middle East. Curiously enough it comes from the Latin version of the last name of the Persian scholar Abu Jafar mohammed ibn Musa al-Khowaresmi (Algorithmi).

v After I Newton, the greatest mathematician of the English –speaking people is W R Hamilton (804-1864). His fame has had curious and regular changes. During his lifetime he was celebrated but not understood, after his death his reputation declined and he came to be counted in the second rank, In the twentieth century he has become the sibject of an extraordinary revival of interest and appreciation

v Charles Lutwidge Dodgsson (better known to many by his penname, Lewis Carroll) was an English mathematician and author of immortal fantasy “Alice in Wonderland’.

v The ten symbols we use today (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) are of Hindu-Arabic origin.



 

 

Unit 3 Famous scientists

3.1 Match the names of famous scientists with the countries:

1. Nikolay Lobachevskiy a) France

2. Isaac Newton b) Germany

3. Franz Neumann c) Russia

4. Blaise Pascal d) Switzerland

5. Pierre Fermat e) Great Britain

6. Eurler Leonard f) France

7. Michael Faraday g) Great Britain

8. Marie Curie h) New Zealand

9. Ernest Rutherford i) Poland

 

Read and translate the text.

Grammar reference:Passive Voice. Participle II.

 

Stephen William Hawking

Stephen William Hawking(1942- ) is a British theoretical physicist. Because of his work in the field of gravity, Hawking is considered perhaps the most brilliant theoretical physicist working today.

Hawking’s best–known work is on the nature of black holes, a phenomenon suggested by Einstein’ s equations describing what might happen should a huge star die, proposing it would crush into its own centre with such strong gravitational force that nothing could escape, not even light. Introducing his own theoretical modifications, Hawking positsthe existenceof mini-black holes. Created by the tremendous force of the big bang, these mini-black holes would not only emit sub-atomic particles and radiation (now called Hawking radiation), but would gradually evaporate over the space of 10 66 years, only to explode with the energy of millions of hydrogen bombs. At the same time, Hawking is the first to admit that there is as yet no physical evidence that black holes actually exist.

Hawking is one of a number of scientists concerned with theories linking quantum mechanics and gravitation. The premiseof these so called grand unified theories is that it is scientifically possible to prove how the universe came into being.

Hawking was born in Oxford, England. After graduating from Oxford in 1962, he went on to study at Cambridge. In his first year there, he was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), otherwise known as Lou Gehrig’s disease of the nervous system. Confined to a wheelchair, he speaks through a computer synthesiser, and his movement is limited to a barely perceptible lifting of one finger and very little facial expression.



Hawking received his Ph.D. degree in 1966 from Cambridge, where he now holds the prestigious post of Lucasian professor of mathematics, a post once occupied by Sir Isaac Newton.

Hawking was among the youngest inductees into the Royal Society, one of the world’s most renowned scientific bodies. He has also received the prestigious Albert Einstein Award, has been named Commander of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth, and has received honorary degrees from Notre Dame, the University of Chicago, Princeton, and New York University. In 1988, he published his book A Brief History of Time. He hoped the book would help non-scientists understand theories of nature, from the big band to black holes.

Notes

10 66 -ten to the sixty-sixth

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) – болезнь Шарко, боковой амиотрофический склероз

a wheelchair – инвалидная коляска

hydrogen – водород

 

3.3 Find Russian equivalents to the following:

gravity, theoretical physicist, black holes, phenomenon, equations, gravitational force, existence, the big bang, sub-atomic particles, evaporate, hydrogen bombs, quantum mechanics, premise, grand unified theories, inductees, renowned.

 

3.4 Read the following words and state the part of speech:

mechanics, theoretical, renowned, gravity,prestigious, gradually, synthesiser, exist, subatomic,scientifically, radiation, phenomenon, tremendous, gravitational,existence,movement, perceptible, expression.

 

3.5 Make up questions to which the following sentences might be the answers:

1. Because of his work in the field of gravity, Hawking is considered perhaps the most brilliant theoretical physicist working today.

2. Hawking’s best–known work is on the nature of black holes.

3. Introducing his own theoretical modifications, Hawking positsthe existence of mini-black holes.

4. Hawking is one of a number of scientists concerned with theories linking quantum mechanics and gravitation.

5. After graduating from Oxford in 1962, he went on to study at Cambridge.

6. Hawking received his Ph.D. degree in 1966 from Cambridge.

7. He was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), otherwise known as Lou Gehrig’s disease of the nervous system.

8. In 1988, he published his book A Brief History of Time.

9. He hoped the book would help non-scientists understand theories of nature, from the big band to black holes.



 

3.6 Complete the following sentences:

1. Hawking was born in… .

2. Hawking is considered perhaps… .

3. Hawking’s best–known work is on … … .

4. Introducing his own theoretical modifications, Hawking posits… .

5. At the same time, Hawking is the first to admit that… .

6. Hawking is one of a number of scientists concerned with theories linking … and… .

7. After graduating from Oxford in 1962… .

8. Hawking received … … in 1966 from Cambridge.

9. In 1988, he published his book … .

 

3.7 Tell about the outstanding physicist Stephen William Hawking, using the key words:

to be considered, best–known work, to positthe existenceof, to admit, concern with, to go on to study, to be diagnosed with, to be confined to, to receive a degree, to hold the post of, a renowned scientist, to receive an award.

 

Read and translate the text.

Zhores Ivanovich Alferov

Alferov, Zhores Ivanovich was born in Vitebsk, Belorussia, USSR, on March 15, 1930. In the post-war particular situation Zhores attended an only boy's school in the destroyed Minsk-city, and was lucky in having an excellent physics teacher there Yakov Borisovich Meltserson. The teacher loved physics devotedly and his explanation of the cathode oscilloscope operation and talk on radar systems greatly impressed young Zhores. When finishing the school he took his teacher’s advice which institution to choose for education and that was a celebrated Ul'yanov Electrotechnical Institute in Leningrad (abbreviated to LETI). Theoretical courses of studies were easy enough for him. It was the laboratory research that attracted him. Being a third-year student, Zhores began to work in a laboratory of vacuum processes.

In 1952, he graduated from the Department of Electronics of Electrotechnical Institute in Leningrad. Since 1953 he has been a staff member of the Physico -Technical Institute where he held consecutively the following positions: junior researcher (1953–1964), senior researcher (1964–1967), head of the laboratory (1967–1987), director (1987–present).

In 1961 he defended his dissertation on the research of bullgermanic and silicon rectifiers. By the results of heterojunctions in semiconductors defended his doctoral dissertation and became Doctor of Physics and Mathematics. In 1968-1969 he realised all the ideas on control the electron and light fluxes in classical heterostructures. Apart from fundamental results that were quite new and important efficient one-side injection, the "superinjection" effect, electron and optical confinement in a double heterostructure. He succeeded in employing principal benefits of heterostructure applications in devices, lasers, LEDs.

Heterostructure-based solar cells were created by him as far back as 1970. And when American scientists published their early works, their solar batteries have been already mounted on the satellites (sputniks) and their industrial production was in full swing.

In 1972 he became Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Science. In 1973 Zh. I. Alferov took over the chair of optoelectronicsat the St Petersburg State Electrotechnical University and in 1988 he was appointed to Dean of the Faculty of Physics and Technology at the St Petersburg Technical University.

Professor Zh. I. Alferov is the author of the fundamental works on Physics of semiconductors, semiconductor devices, and semiconductor and quantum electronics. He participated in creating the first Russian transistors and bull germanic rectifiers. He is a founder of the semiconductor heterostructures and gears on their basis, which are the recent trend in Physics of semi-conductors and semiconductor electronics engineering. Professor Zh. I. Alferov is the author of 50 inventions, of three monographies and more than 350 scientific articles in domestic and international magazines. He was awarded the Gold Ballaniien medal by the USA Franklin Institute, the International Prize at the Symposium on gallium arsenide, the Gold Velker medal and the Karpinsky Prize (Germany).

Since 1989 he has been Chairman of the Presidium of the Leningrad- St. Petersburg Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Science. From 1990 was the Vice-President of the USSR Academy of Science. He is married and has a son and a daughter.

Professor Zh. I. Alferov is Laureate of the year 2000 Nobel Prize. He often says: ”…if our country's choice is to be a Great Power, Russia will be the great power not because of the nuclear potential, not because of faith in God or president, or western investments but thanks to the labour of the nation, faith in Knowledge and Science and thanks to the maintenance and development of scientific potential and education”.

Notes:

heterojunction - гетеропереход

bull germanic and silicon rectifiers – германиевые и кремниевые выпрямители, преобразователи переменного электрического тока в постоянный

LED – светоизлучающий диод

gears – механизмы, устройства

cathode oscilloscope – катодный осциллограф

light flux – световой поток

gallium arsenide – арсенид галлия

 

 








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