Сделай Сам Свою Работу на 5

Task 1. Complete the following sentences.





1. The Ionic order was always fussier than...

a) the Doric b) the Tuscan c) the Corinthian

 

2. The Corinthian had an Ionic capital elaborated with...

a) lotus flowers b) geometric ornaments c) acanthus leaves

3. For the first time the Corinthian order was used for....

a) theatres b) residential structures c) temples

 

4. In its general proportions the Corinthian is very like....

a) the Doric b) the Tuscan c) the Corinthian

 

5. Of all the three Greek orders the Corinthian is....

a) the most elegant and the richest

b) the simplest

c) the oldest

 

6. The Doric order was used in...

a) the Erechtheum b) the Parthenon c) the temple of Arthemis

 

Task 2. Choose the right term.

1. The upper section of a classical order is a/an..

a) volute b) entablature c) base

 

2. Spiral ornaments are called...

a)capitals b) mutules c) volutes

 

3. The triglyph-metopes are..

a) alternating ridged and plain blocks of stone

b) porticos c) floral hoops

 

4. The part of the column is...

a) frieze b)capital c) cornice

 

5. A particular style of column with its entablature having standardized details is....

a) facade b) colonnade c) order

Task 3. Choose the right preposition.

The Doric, Ionic and the Corinthian orders were invented.....the Greeks.

a) for b) with c) by

 

2. Wooden pillars were replaced .... stone ones.

a) by b) on c) with

 

3. The Doric changed little...... its history .

a) in b) throughout c) by

 

4. The first intimation of the Ionic order appeared in stone columns with capitals elaborately carved ..... floral hoops.

a) from b) in c) to

 

5. Its capital decorated ... acanthus leaves.

a) with b) by c) for

 

6. The Ionic temples of the 6th century exceed... size and decoration their classical successors.

a) after b) about c) in

 

7. The Tuscan order has no mutules ... the cornice.

a) above b) in c) on



Task 4. You misheard the information. Make it more exact putting the questions.

Example: These styles are called orders. - How are these styles called?

1. They are called orders.

2. The orders define the pattern of the columnar facades and upper works.

3. Greek Doric has the simple columns without a base, the spreading capitals and the triglyph-metope frieze above the columns.

4. The Ionic order was more ornate than the Doric.

5. The Romans preferred the Corinthian order for its showiness.

6. The Corinthian order has the advantage of facing equally in four directions.

7. The Tuscan and Composite orders were developed by the Romans.

 

Task 5. Find the false sentences using the information from the text. Correct them.

1. The first step in architecture was simply the replacement of wooden pillars with stone ones.

2. Greek Doric has a base.

3. The Doric changed a lot throughout its history.

4. The Ionic order evolved in eastern Greece.

5. The volutes of an Ionic capital spread horizontally and curl upward.

6. The Corinthian order originated in the 5th century BC.

7. For the first time the Corinthian order was used for temple interiors.

Task 6. Match the beginnings of the sentences to their ends using the information from the text.

1. This expression eventually a) elaborated with acanthus leaves

took the form

2. The oldest order, the Doric b) on the Greek mainland and

in western Colonies

 

3. The Doric order was popular... c) of the invention of the orders

of architecture

 

4. The volutes of an Ionic capital... d) by the Romans

 

5. The Corinthian order had a capital... e) combines the elements from all the Greek orders.

 

6. The Tuscan order was added... f) spread horizontally from the center

and curl downward



 

7. Another late Roman invention, g) is subdivided into Greek Doric

the Composite order...... and Roman Doric.

 

Task 7. Answer the following questions.

1. What is the order in classical architecture?

2. Which orders were invented by the Greeks?

3. What is the difference between Greek Doric and Roman Doric?

4. What can be said about the evolution of the Ionic order?

5. Why did the Romans often use the Corinthian order?

 

Task 8. Describe one of the orders of architecture.

 

UNIT 9

Task 1. Read and translate the text.

Urban design: overview

Urban design concerns the arrangement, appearance and functionality of towns and cities, and in particular the shaping and uses of urban public space. It has traditionally been regarded as a disciplinary subset of urban planning, landscape architecture, or architecture and in more recent times has been linked to emergent disciplines such as landscape urbanism. However, with its increasing prominence in the activities of these disciplines, it is better conceptualized as a design practice that operates at the intersection of all three, and requires a good understanding of a range of others besides, such as urban economics, political economy and social theory.

Urban design theory deals primarily with the design and management of public space (i.e. the “public environment”, “public realm” or “public domain”), and the way public places are experienced and used. Public space includes the totality of spaces used freely on a day-to-day basis by the general public, such as streets, plazas, parks and public infrastructure. Some aspects of privately owned spaces, such as building façades or domestic gardens, also contribute to public space and are therefore also considered by Urban design theory. While the two fields are closely related, “urban design” differs from “urban planning” in its focus on physical improvement of the public environment, whereas the latter tends, in practice, to focus on the management of private development through established planning methods and programs, and other statutory development controls. The design, construction and management of public spaces typically demands consultation and negotiation across a variety of spheres. Urban designers rarely have the degree of artistic liberty or control sometimes offered in design professions such as architecture. It also typically requires interdisciplinary input with balanced representation of multiple fields including engineering, ecology, local history, and transport planning.

The scale and degree of detail considered varies depending on context and needs. It ranges from the layout of entire cities to the design of street furniture. Much urban design work is undertaken by urban planners, landscape architects and architects but there are professionals who identify themselves specifically as urban designers.



Urban design aspects consider:

 urban structure – how a place is put together and how its parts relate to each other;

 urban typology, density and sustainability – spatial types and morphologies related to intensity of use, consumption of resources and production and maintenance of viable communities;

 accessibility – providing for ease, safety and choice when moving to and through places;

 legibility and way finding – helping people to find their way around and understand how a place works;

 animation – designing places to stimulate public activity;

 function and fit – shaping places to support their varied intended uses;  complementary mixed uses – locating activities to allow constructive interaction between them;

 character and meaning – recognizing and valuing the differences between one place and another;

 order and incident – balancing consistency and variety in the urban environment in the interests of appreciating both;

 continuity and change – locating people in time and place, including respect for heritage and support for contemporary culture;

 civil society – making places where people are free to encounter each other as civic equals, an important component in building social capital. Modern urban design can be considered as part of the wider discipline of Urban planning. Indeed, Urban planning began as a movement primarily occupied with matters of urban design.

Vocabulary

appearance

urban design – градостроительное проектирование, проект городского планирования, городская планировка

arrangement – расположение

subset – подгруппа

its increasing prominence

“public realm” “общественная сфера”

“public domain” общественное достояние

emergent – появляющийся, выходящий, возникающий

landscape urbanism – ландшафтный урбанизм

to conceptualize – концептуализировать, осмыслять, разрабатывать концепцию

whereas the latter tends тогда как последний склоняется

design practice – практика проектирования, нормы проектирования

urban economics – экономика городов

public space – место общего пользования

rarely редко

artistic liberty артистическая свобода

interdisciplinary input междисциплинарный вход

the layout of entire cities расположение всех городов

undertaken предпринятый

spatial types пространственные типы

viable communities жизнеспособные сообщества

accessibility доступность

legibility четкость, доходчивость

function and fit функция и подгонка

complementary mixed uses дополнительное смешанное использование

order and incident заказ и обязанность

contemporary culture современная культура

to encounter столкнуться

primarily главным образом, прежде всего

 

 








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