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Task 6. Fill in the sentences with the definitions from the box.
1. _______is a structure that spans an opening. They vary from the horizontal flat ____ to semi-circular, semi-elliptical, and pointed . 2. ______ is a series of arches supported on columns. 3._______is a vertical support made up of a base, a shaft, and a capital. 4. ______is a form of a vault constructed over a circular, polygonal, or elliptical plan. It consists of a drum, a cupola, and a lantern. The drum is a vertical wall that carries the dome. It is often set with windows and decorated with columns. The drum adds height and prominence to the dome. The cupola is a curved structure above the drum. The cupola is crowned with a lantern. 5. ________ is an architectural focus of the exterior: it occupies a central position in the façade; it defines the character of a building (official or private); it determines the style of the interior by means of sculptural decoration. 6. ________ is a triangular surface of a building above a portico, typical of Classical and Neo-Classical architecture. It's shape varied from a triangle to a curved segment. 7. _________ is the covering of a building, which protects the internal space from the weather. They are often made of timber and clad with tiles (marble or terracotta), as well as with thatch, wood, stone, lead, copper, and other roofing materials. Shapes vary depending on the country, region, period of time, or style 8. ________ provide access between the levels. Circular, 9. ________ is an opening in a wall, which lets light and air into the room. Their design and decoration depended upon the dominating style and advances in glass production.
Task 7. Speak on the different aspects of architectural planning: Environmental Design, Materials and Techniques, Aesthetic and Functional Criteria in Architecture, Economics and Architectural Planning. Task 8 . Read the dialogue and perform the conversation in pairs. Think of your own dialogues. A.: Could you please tell me about the architect's sphere of knowledge? B.: With great pleasure. Architects have to combine art, advanced technology, science and economics in their work A.: What specialists help architects in their work? B.: Many sub-contracted experts take part in this cooperative process. A.: I see, thank you B.: Don't mention it.
Unit 4. Task 1. Read the text "THE RISE OF THE INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY" The Industrial Revolution, which was cradled in Great Britain in 1750–1850, resulted in the use of steam power, new technologies, and mass production of building materials. Towns and cities grew in size and number; a demand for new buildings was greater than ever before; architects and builders were busy as never before. Industrialization required the dissemination of knowledge that resulted in building the Bibliotheque Nationale (1867) in Paris and the Boston Public Library (1895) in the USA. The dominating structures of the industrial age were offices and banks, libraries and museums, galleries and exhibition halls, schools and colleges, law courts and prisons, as well as railway stations, docks, factories, shops, market halls, bridges and viaducts. Transformation of building technology was another significant result of the Industrial Age. Man-made building materials, new techniques, and modern technical services produced a universal structural system. While the previous periods were mostly the time of stone, brick, clay, and wood, the Industrial Revolution was the age of iron, steel, glass, and concrete. The outstanding designer Gustave Eiffel (1832–1923), a genius of structural engineering and a man of a brilliant artistic vision, created about 60 structures of iron. It was Eiffel, who gave Paris its most visited monument, the Eiffel Tower (1889), which was built to celebrate the Paris Exhibition. The 302-m (990-ft) tower had been the tallest structure in the world until New York's Empire State Building was completed 41 years later. Thanks to the efforts of Henry Bessemer in England, William Siemens in Germany, and William Kelly in the USA, the industrial production of high quality steel became a reality in the 1860's. The use of steel resulted in large-scale projects of architecture and bridge engineering. Old materials took on a new life. A brick-making process was mechanized, and there was a variety of shapes and colors. After Joseph Aspdin had patented Portland cement in 1824, its production increased rapidly. The invention of reinforced concrete by Joseph Monier in 1867 brought about great changes in construction technology. Bridges of this material appeared all over Europe and North America. An advance in plate-glass technology in the 1840's resulted in its wide use in building practice. Craftsmanship also changed due to prefabrication and mechanization. There was a rise of big building companies, which could organize business efficiently and manage a large number of workers. The demands of industry led to the development of new technical services. Central heating, unused since the Roman time, reappeared in the form of steam-heating systems in the early 19th century. Water-supply and sanitary plumbing developed rapidly in the second half of the century. Gas lighting came to London in 1809. By the 1880's, electric light had become available in cities and towns. Elevators, telephones, and ventilation were introduced in the last decades of the century. One unique building brought those innovations together to become "a true Parthenon of the Industrial Age". It was the Crystal Palace, housing the Great London Exhibition of 1851. The Exhibition, visited by 6 million people, was a chance for Britain to boast the results of the Industrial Revolution. The Times wrote: "Above the visitors, there rose a glittering arch, much greater than the soaring vaults of our noblest cathedrals". The "child" of its age and the "portent" of the future, the Crystal Palace was a masterpiece of the gardener Joseph Paxton (1801–1865). Chosen from 250 projects, Paxton's structure was 564.5 m (1,851ft) long, symbolizing the year of the Exhibition. To solve the problem of vast space Paxton used his skill of building greenhouses. The Crystal Palace was made up of With the coming of the Industrial Revolution the role of the architect was challenged for the first time in history. In many ways, that period suited the skill of the engineer better than the art of the architect. Many architects were at a loss. How wrong they were! That was a new Renaissance, but rooted in the future and not in the past. Buildings of unique style and taste have changed the world's architectural landscape forever.
Vocabulary 1. dissemination распространение 2. clay глина 3. concrete бетон 4. outstanding выдающийся 5. rapidly быстро 6. reinforced concrete железобетон 7. Craftsmanship Мастерство 8. prefabrication изготовление заводским способом 9. to cradle обрамлять 10. a glittering arch блестящая арка 11. soaring vaults высокие хранилища 12. noble благородный 13. "portent" предзнаменование" 14. transparent прозрачный 15. decorative timberwork декоративный сруб 16. stripe полоса 17.challenge проблема 18.to root укорениться 19. viaduct Task 2. Find in the Text words that mean:
1. a mixture of cement, gravel, sand, and water, which is hard when dry: c___ 2. a collection of goods, pictures, sculptures, etc, shown for advertisement or in competition for prizes: e___ 3. a building with sides and roof made of glass, often heated, used for growing plants and flowers: g___ 4. the most important of all metals, used in three forms: cast-iron, wrought iron, steel: i___ 5. a work of an excellent and artistic quality: m___ 6. glass of a very high quality used in large windows: p___ 7. the use of materials of various colors: p___ 8. manufacturing of structural units at a factory: p___ 9. an alloy of iron, which is strong in tension and compression: s___ 10. the science, which deals with industrial arts: t___ . 
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