The Profession of an Architect

Unit 1

Task 1. Read the text.

Architecture

Architecture might be considered properly commencing between 4000&2000 BC in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. When humans started to abandon a nomadic existence, thus caused a need for the construction of shelter. During this time transportation became important leading to the development of the wheel and sailing. The construction of Pyramids in Egypt (2700 – 2500 BC) might be considered the first instances of large structure constructions later appears the Parthenon in ancient Greece (447-438 BC), the Appian way by Roman engineers (312 BC) and the Great Wall of China (220 BC).

The Romans developed civil structures throughout their empire including especially aqueducts insulated harbors, bridges, domes and roads. Architecture as such appears only with dividing of human society into classes. That is why it always reflects the spirit of epoch, character and traditions of the nation creating architecture.

Architecture is the art and science of designing and building structures or ensembles according to aesthetic and functional criteria. As an art, architecture is essentially abstract and no presentational and involves the manipulation of the relationships of spaces, volumes, planes, and masses. Architecture is the application of physical and scientific principles and its history is linked to advances in understanding of physics and mathematics through the history. It is a wide ranging profession, including several separate specialized sub-disciplines and its history is linked to knowledge of structures, materials, science, geography, geology, soils, hydrology, environment, mechanics and other fields.

Until the 20^th century there was three great developments in architectural construction – the post-and-lintel; the arch system, either the cohesive type, employing plastic materials hardening into a homogeneous mass; and the modern steel-skeleton system. In the 20^th century new forms of building have been devised, with the use of reinforced concrete and the development of geodesic and stressed-skin (light material) structures.

Architecture provides a sense of place and support of all types of human activity. Architecture helps the mankind fit in harmony with the environment while promoting health and well-being, enriching lives aesthetically and spiritually, providing economic opportunities, and creating a legacy that reflects and symbolizes culture and traditions.

Vocabulary

1. Properly commencing должным образом начинается

2. To abandon a nomadic existence оставить кочевое существование

3. Instance пример

4. Aqueducts акведук

5. Insulated harbors изолированные гавани

6. To reflect отражать

7. Manipulation манипулирование, обращение

8. Application применение

9. To link соединять, связывать

10. Advance успех

11. The post-and-lintel столба-перемычная конструкция

12. The cohesive type связный тип

13. Hardening into a homogeneous mass укрепление в гомогенную массу

14. To devise создавать

15. Reinforced concrete железобетон

16. To provide обеспечить

17. To support поддерживать

18. The mankind человечество

19. To fit соответствовать

20. Well-being благосостояние

21. Enriching lives обогащение жизней

22. Creating a legacy создание наследства

Exercise 1. Answer the questions.

1. What did people of ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia need?

2. What were the first instanced of large structural constructions?

3. What did civil structures of the Romans include?

4. When did architecture as art appear?

5. What is architecture now?

6. Why is architecture a wide ranging profession?

7. How many developments in architectural construction were?

8. What does architecture provide?

9. Who does architecture help to?

10. How does architecture help?

Exercise 2. . Read the Text “ Architecture” carefully.

Write facts and events of the Text to the numerical data .

1. 4000&2000 BC-

2.2700 – 2500 BC -

3. 447-438 BC -

4. 312 BC -

4. 220 BC-

6. Until the 20^th century

7. In the 20^th century

Exercise 3. Match the words from the box with their definitions.

1.________ all humans, thought about as one large group.

2.________a curved structure that supports the weight of something above it.

3.________ a structure for carrying water, usually one built like a bridge across a valley or round.

4. ________ a place to live or stay, considered as a basic human need.

5._________ all the events that happened in the past.

6.________ one of the round objects under car, bicycle etc, that turns when it moves.

7.________ a large building with a square or triangular base and sloping sides that meet in a point at the top.

8.________ a strong hard metal that is made of a mixture of iron and carbon.

9. _______

10._______ general health and happiness.

11. ______

Exercise 4. Choose suitable adjectives or participles in brackets.

1. Ancient Greece was made up of the mainland and … islands. (numerous / enormous)

2. Scientists call the period from 800 to 323 BC the … Age of Greek history. (Gold / Golden)

3. The … Classical Age was connected with the … battles of the Greeks over the Persians. (Higher / High; glorious / victorious)

4. Greek architecture was … as well as … (serious / strict; light / joyful)

5. The most … architecture in the … world was developing against the … background. (great / beautiful; early / ancient; fair / fairy-tale)

6. Ancient Greece gave the world a lot of … philosophers, mathematicians, and poets. (famous / popular)

7. The theatre at Epidaurus is one of the most … structures, because of its … acoustics. (used / usable; perfect / particular)

8. The Doric order was a … column with a … shaft. (massive / mounted; flat / fluted)

9. The Ionic order had a … capital. (volute / vital)

10. The … capital was typical of the Corinthian order. (ordinary / ornate)

11. The Parthenon is a grand … temple with … columns and a … roof. (Ionic / Doric; massive / marble; timber / stone)

12. Thanks to the technique of entasis, the Parthenon looks … and … (proper / proportional; straight / strong)

Exercise 5. Complete the sentences with the propositions from the box.

1. Architecture might be considered properly commencing ......4000&2000 BC in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia.

2. The construction...... Pyramids in Egypt (2700 – 2500 BC) might be considered the first instances .....large structure constructions.

3. Architecture as such appears only .....dividing of human society .....classes.

4. Architecture is essentially abstract ....no presentational.

5. History of architecture is linked ....knowledge of structures, materials, science, geography and other fields.

6. ......the 20^th century there was three great developments in architectural construction.

7. Architecture helps the mankind fit in harmony .....the environment.

8. the Appian way was constructed ....Roman engineers in 312 BC.

Exercise 6. Fill in the table with new words

Unit 2

Task 1.

The Profession of an Architect

The architect is a person trained and experienced in the design of buildings and the coordination and supervision of all aspects of the construction of buildings. When the architect designs a structure, he uses the cumulative knowledge of centuries. Working to the architect's design are many consultant experts - structural engineers, services engineers and other sub-contracted specialists.

The architect function now extends into town planning and work activities that need buildings. Town planning or urbanism is the preparation of plans for the regulated growth and improvement of towns or the organization of land and buildings for group living. It is a cooperative process in which architects, economists, engineers, lawyers, landscape architects, doctors, sociologists, surveyors or topographers and other specialists take part. In town planning there are different street patterns: gridiron, radial, ring and functional (or organic). According to the International Union of Architect (IUA or UIA) at present there are more than 800.000 fully qualified architects in the world. In the highly developing countries there is one architect per two or three thousand people. In the developer countries there is only one architect per 500,000 or 1,000,000 people. The architect's sphere of knowledge is constantly expanding. He has to combine art, advanced technology, science and economics in his work. The structure an architect creates should give us pleasure, sense of beauty. The main problem facing the architect today is to avoid any conflict with nature and landmarks of by-gone days.

Vocabulary

1. supervision

2. to design

3. cumulative

4. knowledge

5. sub-contracted specialists.

6. to extend

7. preparation

8. growth

9. improvement

10. , landscape architects

11. surveyors

12. pattern

13. gridiron

14. , radial

15. , ring

16. constantly

17. expanding

18. to combine

19. advanced technology

20. to create

21.pleasure,

22. sense

23. to avoid

24. by-gone days

Task 2. Complete the following sentences using the words given below:

A1) According to August Perret the architect… order in the … variety of nature.

2) The architect is an expert experienced in the… of all aspects of the… of buildings.

3) The architect uses the cumulative … of centuries.

4) The architect should consult many experts such as structural engineers, services engineers, and other … specialists.

5) City planners … town and regulate their … .

6) There are different street … such as radial, ring or circular, functional and …

B. sub-contracted; improve; gridiron; creates; patterns; growth; construction; supervision; knowledge; picturesque

Task.3 Replace the words and word combinations in italics (A) by their contextual synonyms (B):

A 1) The architect is a person who designs buildings.

2) Town planning is the preparation of plans for the regulated growth and improvement of towns.

3) City design is the organization of land and buildings for group living.

4) The main problem for the architect today is to avoid any conflict with nature and the landmarks of by-gone days.

5) The architect uses the cumulative knowledge of centuries.

B man; schemes; nowadays; structures; environment; collective; urbanism; city; territory; design; development; basic; elaboration; modernization; old centuries; concern; architectural monuments

Task.4. Answer the following questions:

1) What are the architect's functions?

2) What specialists help the architect to design structures?

3) What is town planning?

4) Why is urban design a cooperative process?

5) What street patterns are there in urbanism?

6) What specialists take part in town design?

7) How is the architect's sphere of knowledge expanding at present?

8) What is the main problem facing the architect today?

Task 5. Read the text again and find out if the following statements are true or false:

1. The architect is a person trained and experienced in the construction of buildings.

2. . When the architect designs a structure, he uses the cumulative knowledge of centuries.

3. Town planning or urbanism is the regulation of plans for the regulated growth and improvement of towns.

4. In town planning there are different street patterns: gridiron, radial, ring and functional (or organic).

5. According to the International Union of Architect (IUA or UIA) at present there are more than 500.000 fully qualified architects in the world.

6. In the highly developing countries there is ten architect per two or five thousand people.

7. The architect's sphere of knowledge is constantly expanding.

8. He has to combine art, advanced technology, science and economics in his work.

Task 6.

A B

1.protect a. skilled

2. serious b. needing attention

3. interaction c. keep safe from something

4. essential d. a period of 100 years

5.cooperative e. important

6. public f. necessary, fundamental

7. experience g. protection

8.have h. working together

9. qualified i. for all people

10.century j. own

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