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Simple to give to be givenPerfect to have given to have been given Continuous to be giving __ Perfect Continuous to have been giving __
In a sentence Infinitive can be: 1) the subject To know him is to love him. 2) a part of a predicate I can play tennis. 3) an attribute There is nobody to help me. 4) an object Where did you learn to speak English? 5) an adverbial modifier You are clever enough to understand it.
The Continuous Infinitive is often used after the verbs: appear; happen; pretend; seem. It is also possible after: agree; arrange; decide; determine; hope; manage; plan and auxiliary verbs. He seems to be following us.
The Perfect Infinitive is possible after: appear; hope; pretend; seem and auxiliary verbs. He should have helped her.
Infinitive is used without ‘to’’ after: - auxiliary verbs We shall help you. - modal verbs May I come in? - the verbs expressing senses I heard her sing once. - ‘let’ (предоставлять), Let me do it myself. - ‘make’ (заставлять) He made us get up early. - ‘help’ He will help you do it. - ‘nothing but’, ‘can’t help but’ I could not help but say it. - ‘why’ and ‘why not’ Why not go to the country? Exercise 1.Use the infinitives with or without ‘to’.
1. I think you must . . . do this exercise without a dictionary. 2. What makes you . . . think so. 3. She came up to the door . . . open it. 4. I’m awfully glad . . . have met you. 5. Why not . . . go and see him one of these days? 6. Have you ever heard her . . . sing? 7. It is the only thing . . . do. 8. Why should you . . . go there? 9. They don’t allow me . . . smoke here. 10. These are the letters . . . be typed tomorrow. 11. Are you sure he will help us . . . do it? 12. Do not make me . . . do it, I’m awfully short of time. 13. You were right when you told me not . . . leave the party. I am so glad . . . have met her. 14. You don’t have . . . worry, I’ll . . . do it for you.
Exercise 2.Open the brackets using the correct form of the Infinitive.
1. I’m really pleased (to see) you here. 2. Here are the instructions (to carry out). 3. I’d like (to lie) in the sun right now. 4. I asked (to inform) as soon as there was any news. 5. She didn’t know what (to do). 6. When he looked at the elderly lady he remembered (to see) her the day before. 7. He is not (to trust). 8. I am sorry (to keep) you waiting. 9. I am so sorry (to miss) that evening. 10. The girl seems (to sleep).
Exercise 3.Use one of the infinitives in brackets, give two variants where possible and explain the difference.
1. They want (to discuss/ to have discussed) this project. 2. They were (to come/ to have come) by this time already. 3. We must hurry not (to be late/ to have been late) for the party. 4. The man seemed (to study/ to be studying) me attentively. 5. The only sound (to hear/ to be heard) was the ticking of the old clock downstairs. 6. They are glad (to invite/ to have invited) you for the conference. 7. He is lucky (to be visiting/ to have visited) so many countries. 8. Children like (to tell/ to be told) fairy tales. 9. Is there anything else (to tell/ to be told) him about ? 10. I’m glad (to be given/ to have been given) this book.
Exercise 4.Translate the following sentences into Russian, paying attention to the form of the Infinitive.
Text 2 Results of Immigration Pre- reading Task 1. Read the text given below and find the answers to the following questions:
a) What lies in America’s diversity? b) Where did the ‘old’ immigrants tend to settle? c) Where did the so-called ‘new’ immigrants settle? d) Did the immigrants assimilate or did they preserve their culture? e) Immigrants have accelerated the economic growth of the US, haven’t they? How? f) Is unemployment a direct result of immigration?
The “roots of American diversity” lie in immigration. America is diversity. Thus both the richness of the heritage and the problems the Americans face today - and the keys to the solution of tomorrow - lie in this diversity. There are also changing factors in the patterns of immigration. When both the colonial European and “old” wave immigrants came, there was a push to leave the seaboard and go to the west. The so-called “new” immigrants coming in the late nineteenth and early part of the twentieth century, tended to stay in the cities. It is true, however, that the “nordics” that came during that period, settled in the Mid-West. Today’s wave of immigrants go to all states, but they tend to congregate on just six: New York, California, Florida, New Jersey, Illinois and Texas. That has rather profound implications for the political process. Earlier groups suffered through some loss of their cultural heritage. To some it was no loss. But the vastness of the country, an economic system that encouraged the learning of English for the marketplace, and a political system that encouraged naturalization and voting in English - made for assimilation. The problem in this area today is that while the economic push is there, the political system is allowing voting in other (Spanish) languages. It could be a trend that will have culture-altering effects on the nation. America’s emergence as a major power, coincided with the major waves of immigration. This is not to say that it could not have developed without, for example, the “new” immigrants. But it would have been without the rapidity. The immigrants brought skills, or a strong body, at a time that the industrialization did not require excessive training. The great expansion of the period 1865 to 1910 would not have been possible without them. In fact, the Americans often take a very limited view of their role. For not only were they laborers, but also the consumers: they were a market. Most immigrants came at the prime age in life to join the work force. So the society as a whole did not have the costs of “rearing them to a working age.” It has been demonstrated in the current wave of illegal aliens that immigrants do not take jobs other Americans want. Their presence here is an absolute must for society. They do not take jobs away from “older” Americans during depressions. Contrary to a widely held view not all immigrants begin at the bottom and work their way to the top. Some start at the top as noted by the President’s Commission on Immigration and Naturalization when it drew up the following list: “No roster of leading Americans in business, science, arts and the professions could be complete without the names of many immigrants. In our history the following aliens may be mentioned, among many, who became outstanding industrialists: Andrew Carnegie (Scot) in the steel industry; John Jacob Astor(German) in the fur industry; the DuPonts(French) of the munitions and chemical industry; Charles L.Fleischmann(Hungarian) of the yeast business; David Sarnoff(Russian) of the radio industry; and William S.Knudsen(Danish) of the automobile industry. Immigrant scientists and inventors . . . whose genius has benefited the United States are Albert Einstein (German) in physics; Michael Pupin(Serbian) in electricity; Enrico Fermi(Italian) in atomic research; John Ericsson(Swedish) who invented the ironclad ship and the screw propeller; Guiseppe Bellanca(Italian) and Igor Sikorsky(Russian) who made outstanding contributions to airplane development; John A.Udden(Swedish) who was responsible for opening the Texas oil fields; Lucas P.Kyrides(Greek), industrial chemistry; David Thomas(Welsh) who invented the hot blast furnace; Alexanger Graham Bell(Scot) who invented the telephone; Conrad Huber(Russian) who invented the flashlight; and Otto Mergenthaler(German) who invented the linotype machine .. The list is endless for Americans are all immigrants.”
Task 2. Comprehension Check Exercise 1.There are some general statements about American immigration. For each statement give as many details as you can (examples, reasons, results, descriptions). Include only details directly related to each statement.
1. There are changing factors in the pattern of immigration. 2. Earlier groups have suffered through some loss of their cultural heritage. 3. Immigrants have contributed much to the US economic development.
Exercise 2.Do you agree with the author of this article? Give reasons for your point of view.
Exercise 3.Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence. 1. It had . . . implications for political development. a) deep b) profound c) serious d) vague 2. I took a course in English with a(n) . . . to work as an interpretor. a) intention b) purpose c) aim d) obstacle 3. The problems we . . . today are the direct result of your former mistakes. a) come across b) meet c) face d) cope with 4. The society has no . . . of “rearing immigrants to a working age.” a) expenditures b) costs c) spendings d) finance 5. My former colleagues . . . me to take this course by promising a good job afterwards. a) encourage b) advise c) consult d) impose 6. The government has spent $ 1 million on an advertising . . . to encourage energy conservation. a) promotion b) operation c) enterprise d) campaign 7. It is . . . to work abroad without an official permission. a) against regulations b) unloyal c) immoral d) illegal 8. It’s only a small flat but it . . . my needs perfectly. a) supplies b) fills c) meets d) settles
Oral Practice Curriculum Vitae. A Job Interview A Curriculum Vitae (CV) is a kind of autobiography an applicant for a job should present. Usually the date of the last job is given before educational background. Curriculum Vitae Name: Patricia Flynch Date of birth: 5 April 1968 Nationality: British Address: 11 High Street, Ramsgate EH3 2LM, Kent, England tel 01282-448-5612 1991 - 1994 Sheffield Silver-works, engineer 1986 - 1990 B. Eng (Honours), Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine 1990 - 1991 London Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Diploma in Public Relations 1994 to present National Trust Fund. In charge of relations with European agencies Windows and Excel user Fluent French and fair German Driver’s Licence Personal details: married, with one child Exercise 1.Write your own CV, the CVs of your friends or parents.
Exercise 2.Here is a sample of a business interview. Learn it by heart and make an interview of your own.
Interviewer: Who do you work for now, Ms Flynch? Ms Flynch: The National Trust Fund. Interviewer: How long have you worked for them? Ms Flynch: I’ve worked for them for 3 years. Interviewer: And what did you do before joining the National Trust? Ms Flynch: I worked as an engineer for Sheffield silver-works. Interviewer: Have you got any experience in organizing conferences? Ms Flynch: Yes, I have actually. Why? Interviewer: Your future job will require a lot of organizing meetings and conferences.
Exercise 4.Interview possible applicants for the following positions. Make CVs which would suit the requirements.
Editor Sales Manager up to 45 male, 25 - 40 degree in Linguistics University degree PC trained PC trained knowledge of Italian/English fluent English over 5 years experience 3 years experience in sales salary $ 500 + bonus salary $ 1000 + %
Unit 2 Text 1 
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